%0 Article
%T Condition of forests and biotic damages 
%A Annila, Erkki
%D 1989
%J Silva Fennica
%V 23
%N 4
%R doi:10.14214/sf.a15551
%U https://silvafennica.fi/article/5393
%X <p>This review discusses whether forests are affected by biotic damages due to present or future environmental disturbances, and do environmental threats, such as air pollution and climatic change, weaken the condition of forest in a way that makes them vulnerable to damages by fungi and insect. The defence mechanisms of trees and factors affecting the development of an outbreak are described. Finally, the ways that air pollution and climatic change may affect biotic damages are discussed.<span data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}">&nbsp;</span></p>