Table 1. A summary of common garden studies synthesized in this paper. All encountered studies of temperate or boreal trees reporting leaf-out observations were included. ‘Leafing Pattern’ gives the order of leaf budburst: L→H means low latitude/elevation genotypes leaf out earliest, while H→L indicates high latitude/elevation genotypes leaf first. Species nomenclature and authorities follow the referenced publications except where noted. The ‘Range’ column gives the extreme lower and upper values of elevation or latitude and the difference between these values. Key to ‘Wood Anat.’ column abbreviations: DP = diffuse porous, RP = ring porous, NC = narrow coniferous. | ||||||
Species | Plant age (yr) | Leafing Pattern | Range (range width) | Wood Anat. | Garden Location | Reference |
Abies alba Mill. | 0–2 | No pattern | Elev: 824–1604 m (780 m) | NCa | S. France | Vitasse et al. (2009) |
Acer pseudoplatanus L. | 0–2 | No pattern | Elev: 481–1533 m (1052 m) | DPa | S. France | Vitasse et al. (2009) |
Acer pseudoplatanus L. | 1 | L→H1 | Elev: 400–1760 m (1360 m) | DPa | Switz., mult. sites | Vitasse et al. (2013) |
Acer saccharum Marsh. | 0–1 | H→L | Lat: 31°–47°N (16°) | DPb | Ohio, USA | Kriebel (1957) |
Acer saccharum Marsh. | 3 | H→L | Lat: 39.03°–45.91°N (6.88°) | DPb | Mult. from AR, USA to ON, Canada | Putnam and Reich (2017) |
Betula alleghaniensis Britt. | 3 | H→L | Lat: 34.8°–49.2°N (14.4°) | DPc | Wisconsin, USA | Clausen and Garrett (1969) |
Betula papyrifera Marsh | 2, 4 | L→H | Lat: 48.22°–55.78°N (7.56°) | DPd | Three in ID, USA and BC, Canada | Dhar et al. (2015) |
Fagus crenata Blume | 1–3 | H→L | Lat: 32.5°–42.8°N (10.3°) | DPe | Mult. in Japan | Osada et al. (2018) |
Fagus sylvatica L. | 4, 8 | H→L | Lat: 49.12°–54.67°N (5.55°) | DPa | N. Poland | Chmura and Rożkowski (2002) |
Fagus sylvatica L. | 0–2 | H→L | Elev: 131–1604 m (1604 m) | DPa | S. France | Vitasse et al. (2009) |
Fagus sylvatica L. | 1 | H→L1 | Elev: 540–1280 m (740 m) | DPa | Switz., multiple sites | Vitasse et al. (2013) |
Fagus sylvatica L. | excised twigs of adult trees | Simultaneous2 | Lat: 47.50°–59.67°N (12.17°) | DPa | Ås, Norway (greenhouse) | Heide (1993) |
Fagus sylvatica L. | 2 | H→L | Elev: 550–1090 m (540 m) | DPa | Birmensdorf, Switz. | Frank et al. (2017) |
Fagus sylvatica L. | 3–5 | H→L | Elev: 488–1190 m (702 m) | DPa | French Pyrenees | Vitasse et al. (2010) |
Frangula alnus Mill. | 2 | Middle lat. first, then N and S | Lat: 43.12°–62.44°N (19.32°) | Semi-RP to DPa | Geraardsbergen, Belgium | Vander Mijnsbrugge (2016) |
Fraxinus americana L. | ~40 | L→H | Lat: 30°–47°N (17°) | RPb | E. KS, USA | Carter et al. (2017) |
Fraxinus americana L. | 36–41 | L→H (weakly reversed in some years) | Lat: 30.3°–45.7°N (15.4°) | RPb | N. KY, USA | Liang (2019) |
Fraxinus excelsior L. | 0–2 | L→H | Elev: 130–1533 m (1403 m) | RPa | S. France | Vitasse et al. (2009) |
Fraxinus excelsior L. | 1 | L→H1 | Elev: 420–1440 m (1020 m) | RPa | Switz., mult. sites | Vitasse et al. (2013) |
Ilex aquifolium L. | 0–2 | No pattern | Elev: 131–1190 m (1059 m) | DPa | S. France | Vitasse et al. (2009) |
Juglans nigra L. | 4; a few 1–3 | L→H | Lat: 32°–44°N (12°) | Semi-RPb | OH, MI and IL, USA | Bey (1972) |
Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) Bercht. & J. Presl. | 1 | H→L1 | Elev: 690–1770 m (1080 m) | RPa | Switz., mult. sites | Vitasse et al. (2013) |
Liquidambar styraciflua L. | 1 | L→H | Lat: 21.3°–40.0°N (18.7°) | DPb | Mexico City; Austin, TX, USA | McMillan and Winstead (1976) |
Liriodendron tulipifera L. | 6–7 | L→H | Lat: 31.5°–35.5°N (4°) | DPb | Sewanee, TN, USA | Farmer et al. (1967) |
Nothofagus alpina (Poeppig & Endlicher) Oerst. | 6, 9 | L→H | Elev: 415–1110 m (695 m) | DP, some large vesselsf | Las Golondrinas, Argentina | Duboscq-Carra et al. (2020) |
Nothofagus pumilio Poepp. et Endl. | 1–4 | L→H | Elev: 1100–1540 m (440 m) | DP, some large vesselsg | Greenhouse in Bariloche, Argentina | Premoli et al. (2007) |
Picea abies (L.) Karst. | 1 | L→H | Lat: 51.67°–66.42°N (14.75°) | NCa | Growth Chambers in Norway | Søgaard et al. (2008) |
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss | 3 | L→H | Lat: 43.73°–49.35°N (5.62°) | NCh | Quebec, Canada | Li et al. (1997) |
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss | 20–22 | H→L | Lat: 44.17°–66.58°N (22.41°) | NCh | Wisconsin, USA | Blum (1988) |
Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. | 2, 4, 5 | H→L | Lat: 48°–54°N (6°) | NCh | Simoncouche, QC, Canada | Silvestro et al. (2019) |
Picea rubens Sarg. | 1 | No pattern | Elev: 1036–1988 m (952 m) | NCh | Shadehouse at U. VT, USA | Butnor et al. (2019) |
Picea sitchensis (Bong). Carr. | 1 | H→L | Lat: 41.57°–60.75°N (19.18°) | NCh | Greenhouse in New Haven, CT, USA | Burley (1966) |
Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. | 1 | No pattern | Lat: 40°–61°N (21°) | NCh | Vancouver, BC, Canada | Mimura and Aitken (2007) |
Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. | 41 | H→L | Elev: 1170–2463 m (1293 m) | NCh | Sierra Nevada, CA, USA | Martinez et al. (2019)α |
Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson | 41 | Simultaneous | Elev: 145–1920 m (1775 m) | NCh | Sierra Nevada, CA, USA | Martinez et al. (2019)α |
Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson | 1 | L→H | Elev: 1592–2814 m (1222 m) | NCh | Greenhouse in Northern AZ, USA | Dixit and Kolb (2020) |
Pinus sylvestris L. | 3, 5, 6 | H→L | Lat: 50°–55°N (5°) | NCh | Five in Poland | Chmura et al. (2012) |
Pinus sylvestris L.* | 1 | H→L | Lat: 40.47°–53.25°N (12.78°) | NCh | Munich, Germany | Taeger et al. (2015) |
Pinus sylvestris L. | 3 | H→L | Elev: 71–524 m (453 m) | NCh | Edinburgh, Scotland | Salmela et al. (2011) |
Platanus occidentalis L. | 1 | L→H | Elev: 50–1600 m (1550 m) | DPb | Gulfport, MS, USA | Schmitt and Webb (1971) |
Populus angustifolia James | 2 (from cut shoots) | L→H | Lat: 34–46°N (12°) | DPi | Greenhouse at U. of TN, USA | Ware et al. (2019)β |
Populus balsamifera L. | 2–4 (from cut saplings) | simultaneous3 | Lat: 45–53°N (8°) | DPa | Thunder Bay, ON, Canada | Farmer (1993) |
Populus balsamifera L. | 1–3 (from cuttings) | H→L | Lat: 46°–68°N (22°) | DPa | Vancouver, BC, Canada and Indian Head, SK, Canada | Soolanayakanahally et al. (2013) |
Populus deltoides Bartr. | 7–8 (sometimes 6; from cuttings) | H→L | Lat: 34°–45°N (11°) | Semi-RPb | Nebraska, USA | Ying and Bagley (1976) |
Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh | 1–3 (from cuttings | No differentiation | Lat: 29.2°–47.6°N (18.4°) | Semi-RPb | Ft. Collins, CO, USA | Friedman et al. (2011) |
Populus tremula L.* | 2 (from cut roots) | No differentiation | Lat: 56.3°–66.2°N (9.9°) | DPa | Ekebo (N. Sweden) and Sävar (S. Sweden) | Luquez et al. (2008) |
Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray | 2 (from cut shoots) | L→H | Lat: 38°–58°N (20°) | DPk | Patrick County, Virginia | Oubida et al. (2015) |
Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray | 1–3 (from cut shoots) | No pattern | Lat: 44°–59.62°N (15.62°); Elev: 0–900 m (900 m) | DPk | Vancouver, BC, Canada | McKown et al. (2014) |
Prunus avium L. | 1 | L→H1 | Elev: 356 –1235 m (879 m) | DP to semi-RPa | Switzerland, mult. sites | Vitasse et al. (2013) |
Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.* | 2 | L→H | Elev: 150–900 m (750 m) | RPb | Browns Valley, CA, USA | McBride et al. (1997) |
Quercus lobata Née | 14 | L→H | Lat: 34.14°–40.17°N (6.03°) | RPb | Sedgwick, CA, USA | Pearse et al. (2015) |
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. | 0–2 | L→H | Elev: 131–1630 m (1499 m) | RPa | S. France | Vitasse et al. (2009) |
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.* | 2–4 | L→H | Lat: 46.67°–58.13°N (11.46°) | RPa | Scotland | Deans and Harvey (1995) |
Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl. | 1–3 | L→H | Elev: 131–1614 m (1483 m) | RPa | Pierroton, France | Alberto et al. (2011) |
Quercus petraea Liebl | 1 | L→H | Lat: 46° 58°N (12°) | RPa | Grosshansdorf, Germany | Liepe (1993) |
Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl | 6 | L→H | Lat: 43°–56°N (13°) | RPa | Four sites in France | Ducousso et al. (1996) |
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. | 3–5 | No pattern | Elev: 427–1235 m (808 m) | RPa | French Pyrenees | Vitasse et al. (2010) |
Quercus rubra L.* | 2 | L→H | Elev: 420–1380 m (960 m) | RPb | S. Appalachians, USA | McGee (1974) |
Sorbus aria L. | 1 | No pattern1 | Elev: 570–1750 m (1180 m) | DPa | Switz., mult. sites | Vitasse et al. (2013) |
Sorbus aucuparia L. | 1 | No pattern1 | Elev: 930–2060 m (1130 m) | DPa | Switz., mult. sites | Vitasse et al. (2013) |
(*) Species marked with an asterisk had no botanical authority listed in the original publication. Those listed here were filled in by looking up the species name in the International Plant Names Index (ipni.org). (1) The Vitasse et al. (2013) study had multiple gardens, most of which had two pairs of low/high elevation provenances for each species. Species are classified as having a particular pattern if >75% of pairs showed the same trend. (2) The plant material tested came from a wide range of latitudes, and elevation of origin differed as well. Time to leaf out was tested under a range of photoperiods (8 to 24 hours), and differed little among provenances, and the precise order of leafing was inconsistent among the different photoperiods. (3) Of four source locations for plant materials, the northernmost and southernmost clones leafed out before the two middle-latitude clones, although the total range of mean leafing dates was only 3 days in two of three study years while a third year had a 6 day range. References for wood anatomy information: (a) Schoch et al. (2004). (b) Evert (2006). (c) No data found for Betula allegheniensis, but all birch species with data have diffuse-porous wood (e.g. 5 species in Schoch et al. 2004). (d) Christensen-Dalsgaard et al. (2011). (e) Bayramzadeh et al. (2008). (f) Dettmann et al. (2013). (g) Masiokas and Villalba (2004). (h) Diaz-Sala et al. (2013). (i) Hacke et al. (2001). (j) Sparks et al. (2000). Footnotes for reference information: (α) Clarified by Prof. Jill Hamilton, University of North Dakota, USA, pers. comm. in 2020. (β) Clarified by Dr. Ian Ware, US Forest Service, pers. comm. in 2020. |