Fig. 1. Locations of the Norway spruce seed orchards in southern Finland. 1 = Heinämäki (no. 170; 62°13´N, 25°24´E), 2 = Metsä-Ihala (no. 176; 62°12´N, 24°07´E), 3 = Riihimäki (no. 169; 61°53´N, 24°52´E), 4 = Paronen (no. 365; 61°39´N, 26°17´E), 5 = Sillanpää (no. 235; 60°55´N, 26°13´E), 6 = Taavetti (no. 428; 60°56´N, 27°35´E), 7 = Imatra (no. 374; 61°09´N, 28°47´E), 8 = Suhola (no. 403; 62°15´N, 27°42´E) and 9 = Palvaanjärvi (no. 172; 60°48´N, 27°29´E).
Fig. 2. Test plants inoculated in the greenhouse.
Table 1. Plant species inoculated with Thekopsora areolata spore sources from Finnish seed orchards (nos. 1–8) in the greenhouse a in 2018 and in the laboratory b in 2019. Numbers after the plant species refer to the seed orchard from which the tested plant leaves were collected. In seed orchard no. 9 only plants were collected. | |||||||||
Test species | Seed Orchard | ||||||||
170 1 | 176 2 | 169 3 | 365 4 | 235 5 | 428 6 | 374 7 | 403 8 | 172 9 | |
No. of spore sources | |||||||||
Greenhouse a | |||||||||
Vaccinium myrtillus | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
Vaccinium vitis-idaea | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
Vaccinium uliginosum | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
Empetrum nigrum | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
Laboratory b | |||||||||
Prunus padus 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Vaccinium myrtillus 2, 5, 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Melampyrum sylvaticum 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Filpendula ulmaria 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Viola tricolor 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Fragaria vesca 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Alchemilla vulgaris 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Anthriscus sylvestris 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Paris quadrifolia 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Lupinus polyphyllus 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Equisetum angustifolia 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Sorbus aucuparia 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Silene dioica 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Geranium sylvaticum 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Veronica chamaedrys 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Rubus idaeus 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Maianthemum bifolium 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Rubus saxatilis 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Trientalis europaea 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Seed orchards: Heinämäki 170 1, Metsä-Ihala 176 2, Riihimäki 169 3, Paronen 365 4, Sillanpää 235 5, Taavetti 428 6, Imatra 374 7, Suhola 403 8, Palvaanjärvi 172 9. |
Fig. 3. Uredinia of Thekopsora areolata formed on detached leaves of Prunus padus in the laboratory following aeciospore inoculation.
Table 2. Uredinia formation on detached leaves of the test plants in the laboratory after four-weeks of incubation. Only positive cases on Prunus padus are shown. | |||||||
Test species | Seed orchard/Spore source | ||||||
170 1 | 176 2 | 169 3 | 365 4 | 235 5 | 374 7 | Control | |
No. of leaves with uredinia/Abundancy of uredinia | |||||||
Prunus padus | |||||||
Tree (outside SV 169) | 2/1 | 1/1 | 2/2 | 2/1 | 1/1 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
Tree (outside SV 172) | 1/1 | 2/1 | 0/0 | 2/1 | 2/1 | 2/1 | 0/0 |
Tree 4 (SV 170) | 1/1 | 2/1 | 2/1 | 1/1 | 0/0 | 2/1 | 0/0 |
Tree 6 (SV 365) | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/1 | 0/0 |
Tree 8 (SV 235) | 1/1 | 2/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 2/1 | 2/1 | 0/0 |
Tree 9 (SV 235) | 1/1 | 0/0 | 2/1 | 1/1 | 0/0 | 2/1 | 0/0 |
Tree 10 (SV 235) | 2/2 | 2/1 | 1/1 | 2/1 | 2/1 | 1/1 | 0/0 |
Tree 11 (SV 235) | 2/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/1 | 2/2 | 2/2 | 0/0 |
Tree 13 (SV 374) | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 2/1 | 0/0 |
Tree 16 (SV 403) | 1/1 | 2/1 | 0/0 | 2/1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
Abundancy of uredinia: 0 = No uredinia, 1 = Scarce, 2 = Abundant. First numeral refers to the number of leaves with uredinia per plate and the second one to abundancy of uredinia. SV = Seed orchard. For the names of the seed orchards, see Table 1. |