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Fig. 1. Locations of investigated Norway spruce seed orchards in Finland. 1 = Heinämäki 170 (62°13´N, 25°24´E), 2 = Metsä-Ihala 176 (62°12´N, 24°07´E), 3 = Riihimäki 169 (61°53´N, 24°52´E), 4 = Paronen 1 365 (61°39´N, 26°17´E), 5 = Sillanpää 235 (60°55´N, 26°13´E), 6 = Taavetti 428 (60°56´N, 27°35´E), 7 = Imatra 374 (61°09´N, 28°47´E), 8 = Paronen 2 366 (61°39´N, 26°17´E), 9 = Palvaanjärvi 172 (60°48´N, 27°29´E).

Table 1. Plant species investigated for uredinia of Thekopsora areolata and Naohidemyces vaccinii in nine Finnish seed orchards in 2018–2019. Numbers refer to sampling dates of the plants in each seed orchard. The sampling dates were: 1 = May 21–24, 2 = June 11–13, 3 = July 2–5, 4 = July 16–18, 5 = July 30 – Aug 1, 6 = Aug 13–15, 7 = Aug 27–29, 8 = Sept 10–12 and 9 = Sept 24–27 in 2018, and 1 = May 20–22, 2 = June 11–13, 3 = June 24–27, 4 = July 8–10, 5 = July 22–25, 6 = Aug 5–7, 7 = Aug 19–21 and 8 = Sept 2–5 in 2019. For the locations of the seed orchards, see Fig. 1.
Test species Seed Orchard
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sampling dates
2018
Vaccinium myrtillus L. 2–9 1–9 1–9 1–9 2–9 1–9 1–9 1–9 2–9
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. 2–9 2–9 9 1–9 2–9 1–9 1–9 1–9 2–9
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull 0 1–9 9 1–9 0 2–9 1–9 1–9 2–9
Empetrum nigrum L. 0 1–9 9 1–9 0 0 0 0 0
Salix sp. - 2 - - - - - - -
Lysimachia europaea (L.) U.Manns & Anderb. - 2,4,6 - - - - - - -
Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt - 2,4 - - - - - - -
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. 2,4 6 - 4 4 6 4,6,7 - -
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. 2,4 - - - - - - - -
Tanacetum vulgare L. 4 - - - - - - - -
Rubus idaeus L. 4 - - - - - - - -
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffmann 4 - - 4 4 - - - -
Sorbus aucuparia L. - - 4 - 4 - - - 4
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. 4 - - - - - - - -
Populus tremula L. - - - - - - 4 - -
Betula pubescens Ehrh. - - - - - - 6 - -
2019
Vaccinum myrtillus L. 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8
Vaccinum vitis-idaea L. 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8
Empetrum nigrum L. 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8 1–8
Salix sp. 1,2,4 - 2 - - 2 2 - -
Lysimachia europaea (L.) U.Manns & Anderb. - 2,4 - 3 - - - - -
Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt - - - - - - - 4 -
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. 2,4 - 2 2,4 2 2 2 - -
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. 1,2,4 - - 4 - - 2 - -
Rubus idaeus L. 2 - - - 2 2 2 - -
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffmann 2 - - 2 2 - 2 - -
Sorbus aucuparia L. 1,2,4 - - - - - 2 - 2
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. - - - 3 1 - - - -
Populus tremula L. - 2 - - - - 2 - -
Betula pubescens Ehrh. - 2 - - - - - - 2
Fragaria vesca L. 1,2 - - - - - - - -
Viola tricolor L. - - - - 1 - - - -
Convallaria majalis L. 2 - 2 2 2 - - - 2
Geranium sylvaticum L. 2,4 - 2 - 2 - 2 - -
Melampyrum sylvaticum L. 2 - - - 2 - - - 2
Rubus saxatilis L. - 2 2 - - - - - 2
Betula pendula Roth 4 - - - - 2 2 - 2
Salix caprea L. - - - - - - - - 2
Alnus incana (L.) Moench - - - - - - 2 - -
Quercus robur L. - - - - - - 2 - -
Melampyrum pratense L. - 2 2 - - - - - -
Veronica chamaedrys L. 2 - - - - - - - -
Ranunculus sp. 2 - - - - - - - -
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 2,4 - - 4 - - 2 - -
Cirsium helenioides (L.) Hill. 2 - - - - - 2 - -
Ribes rubrum L. 2,4 - - - - - - - -
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. 2,4,5 - - - - - - - -
Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. 2,4 - - 2 - - - - -
Paris quadrifolia L. 2 - - - - - - - -
0 = No leaves observed.
- = Not sampled.
Table 2. Number of sample leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea bearing uredinia of Naohidemyces vaccinii during the growing seasons in 2018–2019 in nine Norway spruce seed orchards in Finland. For the names of the seed orchards, see Fig. 1.
Time/Plant species Seed orchard
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2018
Vaccinium myrtillus
21.–23.5. - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0
11.–13.6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.–5.7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.–18.7. 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
30.7.–2.8. 0 2 3 1 7 1 0 1 2
13.–15.8. 0 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 2
27.–29.8. 0 0 1 4 3 0 5 0 0
10.–11.9. 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 0 0
24.–27.9. 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
21.–23.5. - - 0 0 - 0 0 0 0
11.–13.6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.–5.7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.–18.7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30.7.–2.8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13.–15.8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
27.–29.8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.–11.9. 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
24.–27.9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2019
Vaccinum myrtillus
20.–23.5. - - - - - - - - -
11.–14.6. - - - - - - - - -
24.–26.6. 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 0 -
8.–10.7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
22.–24.7. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
5.–8.8. 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 4
19.–21.8. 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
2.–4.9. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Vaccinum vitis-idaea
20.–23.5. - - - - - - - - -
11.–14.6. - - - - - - - - -
24.–26.6. 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 0 -
8.–10.7. - - - - 0 0 0 0 0
22.–24.7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5.–8.8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.–21.8. 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
2.–4.9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- = No leaves were observed.
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Fig. 2. A. Violet pustules (black arrows), B. uredinia (black arrows) and C. urediniospores (black arrows) of blueberry rust (Naohidemyces vaccinii) with sharp edges on leaf of Vaccinium myrtillus.

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Fig. 3. A. Uredinia (black arrows) and B. urediospores (black arrows) of blueberry rust Naohidemyces vaccinii on leaf of Vaccinium vitis-idaea.