Table 1. Geolocation of study sites where wood traps were established in Southern Marmara, Türkiye. | |||||
Study site | Geographical position | Elevation (m) | Study site | Geographical position | Elevation (m) |
1. Kireç | 39°34’46.6”N 28°21’42.1”E | 508 | 10. Küçükkuyu | 39°37’02.6”N 26°38’19.3”E | 557 |
2. Gökçedağ | 39°37’29.5”N 28°46’12.2”E | 467 | 11. Yeniçam | 39°35’43.2”N 26°31’35.2”E | 379 |
3. Balya | 39°46’52.1”N 27°43’33.5”E | 448 | 12. Ayvacık | 39°36’14.7”N 26°24’52.80”E | 269 |
4. Savaştepe | 39°22’07.0”N 27°37’34.9”E | 275 | 13. Bayramiç | 39°53’11.2”N 26°40’44.9”E | 204 |
5. Konakpınar | 39°24’57.7”N 27°57’44.8”E | 442 | 14. Çınarlı | 40°4’53.6”N 26°22’24.9”E | 43 |
6. Sınıdırgı | 39°14’58.3”N 28°20’17.4”E | 321 | 15. Dişbudak | 40°20’59.8”N 27°00’24.3”E | 133 |
7. İvrindi | 39°38’26.2”N 27°27’25.7”E | 310 | 16. Gelibolu | 40°17’45.3”N 26°31’11.8”E | 26 |
8. Edremit | 39°40’15.3”N 27°06’43.5”E | 372 | 17. Eceabat | 40°14’04.0”N 26°24’10.9”E | 107 |
9. Burhaniye | 39°22’19.5”N 26°59’19.8”E | 311 | 18. Yenice | 39°58’41.6”N 27°13’0.6”E | 380 |
Table 2. Representative fungal isolates of Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Orthotomicus erosus on Pinus brutia during the current study. | |||||||
Taxon | Isolate name | Study site | GenBank accession no. | Close match in BLAST | Accessison of match | Identity % | |
LSU | ITS | ||||||
Ceratocystis ips | CZ27.52 | 18 | - | OM867517 | Ophiostoma ips* | OM468593 | 99.7 |
CZ51.1 | 1 | - | OM867518 | O. ips | OM468597 | 99.7 | |
CZ24.21 | 15 | - | OM867519 | O. ips | OM468593 | 99.7 | |
CZ30.21 | 4 | - | OM867520 | O. ips | OM468597 | 100 | |
Graphilbum sp. | CZ20.19 | 11 | OM883868 | - | Graphilbum rectanglosporium | OM514754 | 99.1 |
CZ30.6 | 4 | OM883867 | - | G. rectanglosporium | OM514754 | 99.1 | |
CZ30.24 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | |
CZ44.9 | 17 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Leptographium wingfieldii | CZ33.40 | 7 | - | OM885001 | Leptographium wingfieldii | KP691916 | 99.7 |
CZ41.7 | 14 | - | OM885002 | L. wing.fieldii | KP691916 | 100 | |
CZ40.25 | 13 | - | OM885003 | L. wing.fieldii | KP691916 | 100 | |
CZ42.32 | 15 | - | OM885004 | L. wing.fieldii | KP691916 | 100 | |
* Ophiostoma ips (syn. for Ceratocystis ips). |
Table 3. List of reference sequences used for the phylogenetic tree in this study and their GenBank accesion. | |||||||
Species name | Isolate number | Type1 | Isolated from | Country2 | Collector | GenBank accession numbers3 | |
LSU | ITS | ||||||
Ceratocystiopsis manitobensis | UM237 | T | P. resinosa/Manitoba beetle gallery | CAN | J. Reid | EU913674 | |
Graphilbum anningense | CXY1939 | P. yunnanensis/T. yunnanensis | CHN | H.M. Wang | MH325162 | ||
G. cf. rectangulosporium | VPRI43763 | P. radiata | AUS | A.J. Carnegie | MW046118 | ||
G. cf. rectangulosporium | VPRI43843 | P. taeda | AUS | C. Trollip | MW046119 | ||
G. crescericum | CMW22828 | T | P. radiata/H. palliatus | ESP | P. Romón | OM514749 | |
G. fragrans | CBS 279.54 | T | SWE | A. Mathiesen-Kaeaerik | MH868872 | ||
G. fragrans | CBS 279.54 | P. sylvestris | SWE | T.C. Harrington | AF198248 | ||
G. ipis-grandicollis | VPRI43762 | T | Pinus radiata/I. grandicollis | AUS | A.J. Carnegie | MW046117 | |
G. rectangulosporium | CMW26258 | M. Procter | OM514754 | ||||
Grosmannia aurea | CMW667 | A | Pinus contorta var. latifolia | CAN | R.W. Davidson | OM501387 | |
Leptographium longiclavatum | SL-Kw1436 | CAN | AY816686 | ||||
L. lundbergii | CMW2190 | T | P. sylvestris | NOR | H. Roll-Hansen | OM501432 | |
L. pyrinum | CMW509 | T | D. adjunctus | USA | K.R.W. Davidson J. | OM501445 | |
L. terebrantis | CMW29841 | T | D. terebrantis | USA | S.J. Baras | JF798477 | |
L. wingfieldii | CBS 645.89 | E | T. piniperda | FRA | M. Morelet | AY935603 | |
L. wingfieldii | MB192 | P. halepensis/T. destruens gallery | ISR | M. Dori-Bachash | KP691916 | ||
L. wingfieldii | CMW4741 | P. densiflora | JPN | H. Masuya | OM501461 | ||
L. wingfieldii | CBS 648.89 | E | P. brutia | GRC | Mich.-Ska. | AY935611 | |
L. wingfieldii | MCC 125 | P. densiflora | JPN | M. Masuya | AY935608 | ||
L. wingfieldii | CMW2096 | P. strobus /T. piniperda | EUR | M. Morelet | AY553398 | ||
L. wingfieldii | CMW2096 | T | FRA | FIN | AY553398 | ||
Ophiostoma bicolor | CBS492.77 | T | Picea glauca | CAN | S.M. Alamouti | DQ268604 | |
O. floccosum | CMW34182 | T | Wood | SWE | A. Mathiesen-Käärik | KU184431 | |
O. fuscum | CMW23196 | T | Picea abies/P. chalcographus | FIN | Linnakoski | HM031504 | |
O. ips | AK188 | Ips acuminatus | UKR | K.V. Davydenko | KU663983 | ||
O. ips | CMW7075 | T | I. i̇nteger | USA | CT Rumbold | AY546704 | |
O. ips | MB176 | P. halepensis/O. erosus | ISR | Dori-Bachash | KP691908 | ||
O. ips | CMW6418 | P. elliottii/O. erosus | ZAF | XD Zhou | AY546702 | ||
O. ips | S36.9 | Pine wood | PRT | C.S. Vicente | OM468593 | ||
O. ips | S40.1a | P. pinaster | PRT | C.S. Vicente | OM468597 | ||
O. ips | MCC 023 | Tp beetle | JPN | H. Masuya | AY194935 | ||
O. japonicum | CMW2202 | T | I. typographus japonicus/Picea jezoensis | JPN | Y. Yamaoka | OM501492 | |
O. montium | CMW15419 | P. contorta | USA | B. Bentz | OM501498 | ||
O. piceae | C1087 | T | DEU | Münch | AF198226 | ||
O. pseudobicolor | CFCC52683 | T | I. subelongatus/Larix gmelinii | CHN | Q. Lu | MK748188 | |
O. quercus | CMW2467 | T | Quercus spp. | FRA | M. Morelet | AY466626 | |
O. rectangulosporium | MAFF 238951 | JPN | N. Ohtaka | AB235158 | |||
1 T = ex-type, E = ex-epitype, A = authentic isolate. 2 AUS: Australia, CAN: Canada, CHN: China, DEU: Germany, ESP: Spain, EUR: Europe, FIN: Finland, FRA: France, GRC: Greece, ISR: Israel, JPN: Japan, NOR: Norway, PRT: Portugal, SWE: Sweden, UKR: Ukraine, USA: United States of America, ZAF: South Africa. 3 ITS: internal transcribed spacer, LSU: ribosomal large subunit. |
Table 4. Fungal species detected from Orthotomicus erosus adults, larvae, pupa and gallery (number of fungal isolates frequency) collected at all study sites. | ||||||
Fungal Species | Study site/s | Gallery | Larvae/Pupae | Beetle | Total | % |
Ceratocystis ips | 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 | 13 | 15 | 463 | 481 | 69 |
Graphilbum sp. | 1,2,3,4,6,11,12,13,15,17 | 2 | - | 24 | 26 | 4 |
Leptographium wingfieldii | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,13,14,15 | 8 | 2 | 177 | 187 | 27 |
Table 5. Length (and standard error) of the lesion in phloem in branches of Turkish pine 4 months after inoculation with Ophiostomatoid spp. | ||||||
Species | Isolate no. | Tree no. | Mean lesion length (mm) | Re-isolation % | ||
1th tree | 2nd tree | Total | ||||
Ceratocystis ips | CZ24.21 | 1b/2a | 52 ± 27.1 | 15.8 ± 4.9 | 33.9a ± 26.5 | 95.5 |
CZ27.52 | 3c/4b | 67 ± 11.5 | 43.4 ± 6.8 | 55.2bc ± 15.3 | 86.4 | |
CZ51.1 | 5a/6c | 55.8 ± 8.6 | 75.2 ± 30.5 | 65.5c ± 30.5 | 86.4 | |
CZ30.21 | 7b/8b | 50.4 ± 9.9 | 51.8 ± 10.7 | 51.1bc ± 9.7 | 95.5 | |
Total | 51.4 ± 24.2 | 91 | ||||
Leptographium wingfieldii | CZ33.40 | 9b/10a | 63.8 ± 69.9 | 25 ± 11.1 | 44.4b ± 51.4 | 86.4 |
CZ41.7 | 11b/12c | 48.2 ± 6.7 | 83.6 ± 22.9 | 65.9c ± 24.5 | 68.2 | |
CZ40. 25 | 13a/14a | 33.6 ± 20.2 | 35.2 ± 5.8 | 34.4b ± 14.0 | 31.8 | |
CZ42.32 | 15a/16b | 24 ± 15.1 | 44.6 ± 19.6 | 34.3b ± 19.8 | 68.2 | |
Total | 44.8 ± 32.3 | 64 | ||||
Graphilbum sp. | CZ20.19 | 17b/18a | 43.6 ± 9.5 | 28.6 ± 12.2 | 36.1b ± 13.0 | 77.3 |
CZ30.6 | 19a/20a | 40.6 ± 14.2 | 21.4 ± 5.3 | 31.0a ± 14.3 | 40.9 | |
CZ30.24 | 21a/22a | 30.6 ± 13.9 | 28.4 ± 13.8 | 29.5a ± 13.1 | 4.5 | |
CZ44.9 | 23a/24a | 31.8 ± 3.4 | 26.6 ± 9.3 | 29.2a ± 7.2 | 86.4 | |
Total | 31.5 ± 12.1 | 52 | ||||
Control | 25a – 32a | 25.3a ± 7.7 | ||||
Lesion length data were transformed (log10) before analysis though non-transformed values were reported. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different from one another at p < 0.0001 |