1

Fig. 1. The supply chains of this study by the main work stages. View larger in new window/tab.

Table 1. The productivity parameters for the supply chains (Fig. 1).
  Delimbed stems Pre-ground stumps Ground stumps Split stumps
Gross effective time (E15h) coefficient for cutting/uprooting 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4
Payload of the forwarder, m³ 9.0 8.6 8.6 8.6
Gross effective time (E15h) coefficient for forwarding 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2
Payload in transport by road, m³ 67 25 27 32
Loading time in transport by road, minutes 50 44 54 62
Unloading time in transport by road, minutes 37 27 27 56
Cost of grinding and pre-grinding at the roadside landing, € m–3 - 5.4 7.1 -
Grinding productivity at the end use facility with the stationary grinder, loose-m3 E15h–1 180 270 - 180
Cost of grinding at the end use facility with the stationary grinder, € m–3 2.8 1.9 - 2.8
Table 2. Hourly cost details of the harvesting machines and grinders.
  Harvester Forwarder Excavator Low-speed grinder Fast-speed grinder Stationary grinder
Purchase price, € 478 000 260 000 160 000 703 000 730 000 2 200 000
Salvage value, € 135 190 45 001 65 000 190 766 198 093 134 460
Lifespan, years 4.7 7.2 6 7 7 15
FIXED COSTS:
Depreciation, € a –1 69 146 27821 15 833 73 176 75 987 137 703
Interest, € a –1 12 664 6400 6400 19 339 20 082 49 443
Insurance, € a –1 1985 1400 500 9430 9430 9430
Administration, € a –1 11 691 3700 3700 7500 7500 7500
LABOR COSTS:
Annual gross effective working time, h 3213 2087 1200 2200 1700 3800
Annual working time, h 3780 2318 1760 3115 2615 3800
Degree of machine utilization, % 85 90 68 71 65 100
Average wage for a worker,
€ h–1
16.9 15.0 13.3 17 17 5.61
Indirect wage costs, % 112 131 83 68 68 68
Wage costs total, € a–1 135 941 80 393 42 801 88 964 74 684 35 814
OPERATING COSTS:
Fuel price, € l –1 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.54
Fuel cost, € a–1 41 930 21 784 17 435 133 521 108 302 115 443
Oil and lubricant cost, € a –1 4935 1219 3796 5547 3772 16 863
Service and maintenance cost, € a –1 24 428 9944 1380 50 610 46 410 135 660
Translocation costs, € a –1 16 325 11 499 1000 - - -
Risk and profit margin, € a –1 9571 4925 2803 19 404 17 308 25 393
TOTAL COSTS: 328 616 169 084 96 248 407 492 363 475 533 249
Operating hour cost, € E15–1
(Value-added tax 0%)
102.3 81.0 80.2 185.2 213.8 140.3
Table 3. Hourly cost details of the truck-trailer units.
  Timber truck Biomass truck Semitrailer unit
Purchase price of tractor, € 204 000 182 000 105 000
Salvage value, € 55 000 55 000 30 000
Lifespan, years & kilometers 4 & 480 000 4 & 480 000 8 & 720 000
Purchase price of trailer, € 70 000 90 000 80 000
Salvage value, € 5000 5000 10 000
Lifespan, years & kilometers 8 & 960 000 8 & 960 000 12 & 1 080 000
Purchase price of timber crane, € 71 500 71 500 -
Salvage value, € 5000 5000 -
Lifespan, years 4 4 -
FIXED COSTS:
Depreciation, € a –1 58 850 56 225 13 832
Interest, € a –1 13 820 13 740 7 400
Insurance, € a –1 8600 8600 5500
Administration, € a –1 8678 8626 7406
LABOR COSTS:
Annual gross effective working time, h 5400 6000 3938
Annual working time, h 5670 6300 4056
Degree of machine utilization , % 95 95 97
Average wage for a worker, € h–1 17 17 17
Indirect wage costs, % 68 68 68
Daily allowance, € a–1 6000 6000 3380
Wage costs total, € a–1 167 935 185 928 119 209
OPERATING COSTS:
Fuel price, € l –1 1.16 1.16 1.16
Fuel cost, € a–1 87 000 80 736 46 980
Tire cost, € a –1 11 786 10 821 6988
Service and maintenance cost, € a –1 19 000 21 000 14 000
Risk and profit margin (3%), € a –1 11 619 11 928 6845
TOTAL COSTS: 387 260 397 600 228 160
Operating hour cost, € E15–1
(Value-added tax 0%)
72 66 58
2

Fig. 2. The procurement areas around Kajaani and Kouvola, where the radius is 100 km via the existing road network.

Table 4. The basic stand data estimates for delimbed stems and stumps around Kajaani and Kouvola. The abbreviation SD = standard deviation.
  Kajaani Kouvola
Average volume of stems harvested, dm3 24 (SD 11) 28 (SD 12)
Average removal, number of stems per hectare 1907 (SD 344) 1721 (SD 244)
Average removal, m3 of stems harvested per hectare 43 (SD 16) 48 (SD 20)
Average volume of stumps harvested, dm3 87 (SD 32) 140 (SD 40)
Average diameter of stumps harvested, cm 27 (SD 4) 34 (SD 4)
Average removal, number of stumps per hectare 599 (SD 319 ) 444 (SD 203)
Average removal, m3 of stumps harvested per hectare 48 (SD 21) 62 (SD 26)
3

Fig. 3. The technical harvesting potential of delimbed stems and stumps for fuel (MWh per year) around the cities of Kajaani and Kouvola, when using alternative contaminant contents for ground stumps.

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Fig. 4. The procurement cost structure of the supply chains and raw materials of this study. The off-road transportation distance is 219 m, and the on-road transportation distance is 50 km.

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Fig. 5. The procurement cost comparison of the supply chains and raw materials as a function of on-road transportation distance.

Table 5. Productivity and cost values for cutting, uprooting, and forwarding in the procurement areas of Kajaani and Kouvola. The abbreviation SD = standard deviation.
  Kajaani Kouvola
Average cutting productivity for harvested delimbed stems, m3 E15h–1 5.1 (SD 1.0) 5.1 (SD 1.3)
Average cutting cost for harvested delimbed stems, € m–3 20.8 (SD 3.9) 21.0 (SD 4.8)
Average forwarding productivity for harvested delimbed stems, m3 E15h–1 11.9 (SD 0.9) 12.3 (SD 0.9)
Average forwarding cost for harvested delimbed stems, € m–3 6.9 (SD 0.5) 6.6 (SD 0.5)
Average uprooting productivity for harvested stumps, m3 E15h–1 7.6 (SD 1.5) 9.2 (SD 0.9)
Average uprooting cost for harvested stumps, € m–3 10.8 (SD 2.6) 8.6 (SD 1.1)
Average forwarding productivity for harvested stumps, m3 E15h–1 12.7 (SD 2.2) 12.9 (SD 2.3)
Average forwarding cost for harvested stumps, € m–3 6.6 (SD 2.2) 6.5 (SD 1.4)
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Fig. 6. The procurement cost of fuel chips around Kajaani when using alternative supply chains and alternative contaminant contents for ground stumps, as a function of harvesting potential.

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Fig. 7. The procurement cost of fuel chips around Kouvola when using alternative supply chains and alternative contaminant contents for ground stumps, as a function of harvesting potential.

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Fig. 8. The procurement costs of ground stumps and delimbed stems chips in Kajaani and Kouvola, as a function of harvesting potential.