Table 1. The geographical characteristics of four isolated populations of Betula pendula in Iran and the sample size (N) in each population.
Populations N Population area (Hectare) Latitude (°N) Longitude (°E) Altitude (Meter Above sea level)
Syahmarzkouh 6 5 36° 38´ 55° 10´ 2344
Sangedeh 5 100 36° 58´ 53° 10´ 2579
Shahrestanak 6 5 35° 44´ 51° 23´ 2404
Marmisho 5 1 37° 34´ 44° 35´ 1741
Table 2. The PCR-RFLP chloroplast DNA haplotypes in four isolated populations of Betula pendula in Iran.
Haplotypes CD-HinfI (NPB = 7) K1K2-HinfI (NPB = 3) K1K2-TaqI (NPB = 4) K1K2-EcoRI (NPB = 3) DT-HinfI (NPB = 2) DT-TaqI (NPB = 2) DT-EcoRI (NPB = 3)
A 0000000 001 1001 111 11 11 011
B 0010000 001 1001 100 00 11 011
C 0011111 101 1001 111 01 01 011
D 0111111 001 1001 101 01 01 011
E 0111111 001 1111 101 01 11 011
F 0111111 001 1111 111 00 11 011
G 0111111 101 1001 111 11 11 011
H 1010000 001 1001 111 00 11 011
I 1010000 001 1001 111 00 11 111
J 1010000 011 1011 111 00 11 011
K 1110000 001 1001 111 00 11 011
L 1110000 101 1001 111 00 11 011
M 1111111 001 1001 100 11 01 111
N 1111111 001 1001 101 01 11 011
O 1111111 001 1001 111 01 11 011
P 1111111 001 1111 101 01 11 011
Q 1111111 011 1101 100 00 01 011
R 1111111 101 1001 101 11 01 011
NPB = Number of the polymorphic bands were shown by digestion of the PCR fragments; Only fragment polymorphism associated with each haplotype is represented.
Table 3. The location and distribution of PCR-RFLP chloroplast haplotypes over populations. The Haplotype frequency (Hf) and the total number of haplotypes (tN) found in each of the populations are also given.
Populations Haplotypes tN Hf
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R    
Siahmarzkoh 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 6 0.942
Sangdeh 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 0.946
Shahrestanak 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0.942
Marmishoo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.901
(Hf)% 20 16 20 16 16 16 20 60 20 20 33 16 16 33 20 16 20 16 - -
1

Fig. 1. The geographical distribution of cpDNA haplotypes of four isolated populations of Betula pendula in Iran. View larger in new window/tab.

Table 4. Estimates of average gene diversity within four isolated populations of Betula pendula in Iran (HS), total gene diversity (HT), inter-population differentiation (GST), and the number of substitution types (NST), with permut, using a permutation test with 1000 permutations.
Populations HS HT GST NST
Syahmarzkouh 0.776 0.942 0.197 -
Sangedeh 0.800 0.946 0.188 -
Shahrestanak 0.776 0.942 0.197 -
Marmisho 0.560 0.901 0.305 -
Total 0.729 0.932 0.218 0.281
Table 5. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) for four isolated populations of Betula pendula in Iran by PCR-RFLP: Statistics include sums of squared deviations (SSD); mean squared deviations (MSD), variance component estimates, the percentage of the total variance contributed by each component and the probability of obtaining a more extreme component estimate by chance alone.
Source df SSD   MSD Est. Var. Pvar   p-value
Among population 3 31.997   10.666 1.429 34%   0.010
Within population 18 50.867   2.826 2.826 66%   0.010
Total 21 82.864     4.255 100%    
df = degree of freedom; Est. Var. = Estimates variance; Pvar = Percentage of variance.
2

Fig. 2. The population structure of four isolated populations of Betula pendula in Iran estimated by STRUCTURE. In the figure, the individuals were categorized by population (1- Syahmarzkouh; 2- Sangedeh; 3- Shahrestanak; and 4- Marmisho).

Table 6. The proportion of membership of each pre-defined population (Four isolated populations of Betula pendula in Iran) in each of the four clusters.
Cluster 1 2 3 4
1 0.013 0.269 0.384 0.334
2 0.113 0.294 0.296 0.296
3 0.597 0.104 0.161 0.138
4 0.940 0.019 0.020 0.021
AD 0.0242 0.1741 0.1510 0.1618
AD = Average distances between individuals in same cluster.