Silva Fennica

Fig. 1. (A) Distribution area of L. divaricata in Southern America, including Brazil and small border areas in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay (adapted from Carvalho 2001). (B) Location of the Pampa biome in southern Brazil. (C) Location of the five studied populations within the Pampa biome.

Table 1. Heterozygosity excess, mode-shift distribution and M-ratio analyses of bottleneck signature for populations of L. divaricata, based on five microsatellite loci. Values in bold means positive signature of a genetic bottleneck event.
Population	Genetic diversity parameters		Loci with heterozygosity excess		Mode-shift distribution	M-ratio analysis
Population	k	H_E	TPM	SMM	Mode-shift distribution	M-value	N_e = 500	N_e = 100	N_e = 50
Camboazinho	4.4	0.69	5 (p = 0.02)	5 (p = 0.02)	L-shaped	0.61	p = 0.030	p = 0.009	p = 0.007
Canas	7.0	0.77	5 (p = 0.02)	4 (p = 0.11)	L-shaped	0.64	p = 0.047	p = 0.015	p = 0.012
Inhatinhum	4.8	0.61	4 (p = 0.31)	3 (p = 0.41)	L-shaped	0.63	p = 0.045	p = 0.015	p = 0.009
Cacequi	3.8	0.53	4 (p = 0.11)	2 (p = 0.68)	L-shaped	0.46	p = 0.006	p = 0.001	p = 0.002
BR290	4.4	0.61	4 (p = 0.03)	4 (p = 0.31)	Shifted	0.51	p = 0.026	p = 0.006	p = 0.002
K: number of alleles; H_E: Hardy-Weinberg heterozygosity; TPM: two-phased mutation model; SMM: Stepwise mutation model; M-value: ratio of the total number of alleles to the overall range in allele size; N_e: effective population size

Fig. 2. Plotting of the frequency distribution of allele classes for microsatellite markers. Populations Camboazinho, Canas, Inhatinhum and Cacequi revealed a non-shifted alleles distribution, meaning absence of bottleneck signatures. Population BR290 revealed a shifted distribution, indicating historical reduction of the effective population size.

Table 2. Linkage disequilibrium analysis of five microsatellite loci in populations of L. divaricata. Values in bold means positive signature of a genetic bottleneck event.
Pop	Pair of loci		p-value
Camboazinho	Ldiv31	Ldiv40	1.000
	Ldiv31	Ldiv48	0.724
	Ldiv40	Ldiv48	0.048
	Ldiv31	Ldiv55	0.684
	Ldiv40	Ldiv55	<0.001
	Ldiv48	Ldiv55	0.032
	Ldiv31	Ldiv58	0.314
	Ldiv40	Ldiv58	0.043
	Ldiv48	Ldiv58	0.116
	Ldiv55	Ldiv58	0.001
Canas	Ldiv31	Ldiv40	0.049
	Ldiv31	Ldiv48	0.085
	Ldiv40	Ldiv48	0.302
	Ldiv31	Ldiv55	0.001
	Ldiv40	Ldiv55	0.001
	Ldiv48	Ldiv55	<0.001
	Ldiv31	Ldiv58	0.479
	Ldiv40	Ldiv58	0.018
	Ldiv48	Ldiv58	0.001
	Ldiv55	Ldiv58	0.003
Inhatinhum	Ldiv31	Ldiv40	0.372
	Ldiv31	Ldiv48	0.639
	Ldiv40	Ldiv48	0.265
	Ldiv31	Ldiv55	0.381
	Ldiv40	Ldiv55	0.350
	Ldiv48	Ldiv55	0.065
	Ldiv31	Ldiv58	0.850
	Ldiv40	Ldiv58	0.003
	Ldiv48	Ldiv58	0.919
	Ldiv55	Ldiv58	0.105
Cacequi	Ldiv31	Ldiv40	0.746
	Ldiv31	Ldiv48	0.236
	Ldiv40	Ldiv48	0.354
	Ldiv31	Ldiv55	0.161
	Ldiv40	Ldiv55	0.482
	Ldiv48	Ldiv55	1.000
	Ldiv31	Ldiv58	0.789
	Ldiv40	Ldiv58	0.239
	Ldiv48	Ldiv58	0.753
	Ldiv55	Ldiv58	0.966
BR290	Ldiv31	Ldiv40	<0.001
	Ldiv31	Ldiv48	0.407
	Ldiv40	Ldiv48	0.586
	Ldiv31	Ldiv55	0.724
	Ldiv40	Ldiv55	0.097
	Ldiv48	Ldiv55	0.460
	Ldiv31	Ldiv58	0.190
	Ldiv40	Ldiv58	0.143
	Ldiv48	Ldiv58	0.248
	Ldiv55	Ldiv58	0.428

Table 3. Mean seeds’ germinability (%), speed of germination (mean ± SD), proportion of anomalous germinated seeds (%), inbreeding coefficient (f), and observed heterozygosity (H_O) of L. divaricata in four populations within the Brazilian Pampa biome. Values of the germination traits are the mean for six mother-trees and 25 seeds/tree. The correlation (r) between each germination trait and the inbreeding coefficient and observed heterozygosity was estimated using the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient.
Population	Mean seeds’ germinability	Speed of germination	Anomalous germinated seeds	f ^a	H_O^a
Camboazinho	40.67	8.81 ± 4.21	3.33	0.213	0.52
Canas	19.33	4.19 ± 4.75	6.67	0.221	0.57
Inhatinhum	18.00	6.96 ± 8.50	7.33	0.236	0.42
Cacequi	32.67	13.03 ± 3.67	4.67	–0.017	0.54
r (f)	–0.36	–0.86	0.36
r (H_O)	0.31	0.03	–0.39
^a Data from Nagel et al. (2015)