Table 1. Description of investigated provenances.
Ecotypes No. of prov. Provenance name Altitude Geographic coordinates Age of adult stand
latitude longitude
northern 3 Radachowo 193 53°05´N 15°54´E 107
7 Gniewino 115 54°37´N 18°18´E 110
8 Jelenino 130 53°40´N 16°40´E 96
9 Dalęcino 130 53°45´N 16°30´E 111
11 Marianowo 70 54°23´N 18°31´E 105
17 Mikołajki 40 53°51´N 19°10´E 159
19 Tumiany 175 53°58´N 20°57´E 130
southern 31 Pokrzywna 425 50°20´N 17°20´E 130
34 Jeleniów 350 50°50´N 20°59´E 101
37 Marynin 170 50°23´N 22°17´E 96
39 Bukowa 550 49°39´N 18°54´E 122
42 Moczarna 700–920 49°07´N 22°29´E 135
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Fig. 1. Geographical distribution of the studied provenances. The black circles indicate the location of the beech provenances, see Table 1. The dotted line indicates the limit of the beech range in Poland.

Table 2. Summary statistics for the 10 microsatellite loci.
Locus Size range (bp) No. of alleles NA NE HO HE FIS FST
csolf31 106–128 13 10.40 5.51 0.837 0.815 –0.017 0.030
FS3-04 193–205 5 3.60 1.61 0.347 0.346 0.034 0.087
mfc11 321–355 12 7.70 4.03 0.738 0.739 –0.010 0.040
FS1-15 92–146 23 9.80 5.52 0.762 0.813 0.055*** 0.034
csolf19 151–181 12 9.70 4.87 0.795 0.789 –0.004 0.032
mfs11 128–164 12 7.90 4.06 0.731 0.740 0.001 0.041
mfc7 111–173 15 5.90 2.13 0.526 0.501 –0.045 0.040
mfc5 277–333 25 16.10 8.09 0.800 0.866 0.071*** 0.037
sfc0036 97–111 8 7.10 4.13 0.758 0.747 –0.013 0.030
DE576A0 219–240 7 5.30 2.92 0.683 0.651 –0.040 0.037
Mean (overall) - 13.2 8.35 4.29 0.698 0.701 0.003 0.041
The size range: the minimum and maximum lengths of PCR product detected for a locus (in base pairs), NA – mean number of alleles, NE – effective number of alleles, HO – observed hetrozygosity, HE – expected hetrozygosity, FIS – inbreeding coefficient. Significance of FIS values: *** p<0.001
Table 3. Diversity measures in Fagus sylvatica.
Ecotypes Provenance NA NE HO HE F No. Private Alleles Freq
northern 3 Radachowo 7.90 4.11 0.677 0.694 0.023 1 0.02
7 Gniewino 8.00 3.81 0.707 0.707 –0.003 3 0.06
8 Jelenino 7.70 4.49 0.679 0.698 0.025* 1 0.02
9 Dalęcino 7.80 4.32 0.707 0.710 0.010 1 0.01
11 Marianowo 8.30 4.09 0.681 0.696 0.011 1 0.01
17 Mikołajki 8.10 4.25 0.715 0.723 0.014* 2 0.02
19 Tumiany 8.00 4.39 0.715 0.717 0.017 1 0.01
Mean 7.97 4.21 0.697 0.706 0.014   0.02
southern 31 Pokrzywna 9.00 4.88 0.679 0.696 0.038 3 0.03
34 Jeleniów 8.30 4.56 0.735 0.710 –0.041* 2 0.02
37 Marynin 8.20 3.52 0.673 0.665 –0.015* 1 0.02
39 Bukowa 9.20 4.60 0.750 0.730 –0.041* 6 0.13
42 Moczarna 9.10 4.48 0.688 0.701 0.014 4 0.04
Mean 8.76 4.41 0.705 0.701 –0.009   0.05
Mean 8.30 4.29 0.701 0.704 0.004   0.03
NA – mean number of alleles, NE – effective number of alleles, HO – observed heterozygosity, HE – expected heterozygosity, F – fixation index. Significance of F values: * p<0.01, number of private alleles and their frequency (Freq).
Table 4. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on allelic distance matrix.
Variance component df SS MS Variance % Total P
Among Regions 1 70.486 70.486 0.162 2% 0.010
Among Pops 10 250.160 25.016 0.368 5% 0.010
Within Pops 564 4134.229 7.330 7.330 93% 0.010
Total 575 4454.875        
df – degree of freedom, SS – Sum of squares, MS – Mean squares, P – probability
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Fig. 2. Relationship between pairwise FST values and geographic distance (km) (R = 0.721, p = 0.01) between the studied 12 populations of European beech.

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Fig. 3. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of pairwise FST of twelve beech populations. Diamonds represent provenances from the north, crosses provenances from the south.

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Fig. 4. Results for STRUCTURE analysis:
a) values of the statistic “Delta K” for all calculated K-values from 1–15 based on the combined dataset of nuclear microsatellites. The highest “Delta K” corresponds to the uppermost level of hierarchy among runs (Evanno et al. 2005).
b) proportion of membership of each individual to three assumed subpopulations (K = 3).
c) proportion of membership of each individual to three assumed subpopulations (K = 3). (Northern provenances: 3 to 19; Southern provenances 31 to 42. For location names see Table 3). View larger in new window/tab.