Table 1. The basic stand data estimates for delimbed stems, stumps and logging residues around Kouvola. The abbreviation SD = standard deviation.
  Kouvola
Average volume of delimbed stems harvested, dm3 28 (SD 12)
Average removal, number of delimbed stems per hectare 1721 (SD 244)
Average removal, m3 of delimbed stems harvested per hectare 48 (SD 20)
Average forwarding distance of delimbed stems, m 219 (SD 37)
Average volume of stumps harvested, dm3 140 (SD 40)
Average diameter of stumps harvested, cm 34 (SD 4)
Average removal, number of stumps per hectare 444 (SD 203)
Average removal, m3 of stumps harvested per hectare 62 (SD 26)
Average forwarding distance of stumps, m 259 (SD 173)
Average removal, m3 of logging residues harvested per hectare 64 (SD 41)
Average forwarding distance of logging residues, m 261 (SD 172)
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Fig. 1. The supply chains of this study by the main work stages. View larger in new window/tab.

Table 2. The hourly costs for logging, transporting and comminuting machinery (VAT 0%).
  Hourly cost, €
Harvester for cutting delimbed stems 102.3
Forwarder for forwarding logging residues, stumps and delimbed stems 81.0
Excavator for lifting and splitting stumps 80.2
Truck-mounted chipper for chipping logging residues at roadside landings 213.8
Low-speed grinder for pre-grinding stumps at roadside landings 185.2
Stationary grinder for grinding forest and agro biomass at the end-use facility 140.3
Timber truck for transporting delimbed stems 72.0
Biomass truck for transporting straw bales and loose logging residues 66.0
Semitrailer unit for transporting pre-ground stumps 58.0
Truck-trailer unit for transporting logging residue chips 79.8
Table 3. The productivity parameters for the forest biomass supply chains (Fig. 1).
  Stumps Logging residues Delimbed
stems
Gross effective time (E15h) coefficient for E0h productivity of cutting/uprooting 1.4 - 1.3
Payload of the forwarder, m³ 8.6 7.8 9.0
Gross effective time (E15h) coefficient for E0h productivity of forwarding 1.2 1.2 1.3
Payload in transport by road, m³ 25 25 or
38.0–49.9
67
Loading time in transport by road, minutes 44 62 or
68.1–81.7
50
Unloading time in transport by road, minutes 27 60 or 30 37
Grinding productivity at the end-use facility with the stationary grinder, loose-m3 E15h–1 270 270 180
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Fig. 2. The technical harvesting potential of forest and cereal straw biomass around the city of Kouvola, within 100 km transporting distance via the existing road network. View larger in new window/tab.

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Fig. 3. The procurement cost structure of the supply chains and raw materials of this study. The on-road transportation distance is 54 km and the costs of work phases are based on average values. View larger in new window/tab.

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Fig. 4. The procurement cost of the supply chains and raw materials of this study as a function of transportation distance and average costs. View larger in new window/tab.

Table 4. Average cost values for harvesting forest and cereal straw biomass in the procurement area of Kouvola. The abbreviation SD = standard deviation.
  Stumps Logging residues Delimbed
stems
Straw
Average cost of uprooting stumps, cutting & piling of logging residues and delimbed stems or baling of straw: € dry tonne –1 19.58 1.10 51.66 43.90
SD 2.44 0.04 12.56 -
Min 15.17 1.00 24.72 -
Max 39.08 1.23 98.93 -
Average cost of off-road transporting: € dry tonne –1 14.78 15.54 16.20 8.75
SD 3.11 3.92 1.75 -
Min 10.43 9.49 10.76 -
Max 27.18 38.02 20.88 -
Average cost of on-road transporting: € dry tonne –1 18.60 17.73 10.09 23.39
SD 3.36 2.21 2.08 3.93
Min 8.30 13.52 4.06 12.69
Max 22.8 25.92 13.85 29.05
Average cost of comminuting: € dry tonne –1 16.50 11.33 6.84 4.21
SD 0.18 3.14 0.58 -
Min 16.00 5.58 5.68 -
Max 16.70 14.74 7.73 -
Average cost of organization: € dry tonne –1 5.67 5.51 6.15 5.67
SD 0.06 0.18 0.52 -
Min 5.52 5.01 5.10 -
Max 5.75 6.16 6.94 -
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Fig. 5. The transportation costs of raw materials of this study as a function of transportation distance. View larger in new window/tab.

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Fig. 6. The procurement cost of forest and agro biomass assortments as a function of annual procurement volume (dry tonne year–1) around Kouvola. View larger in new window/tab.

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Fig. 7. The annual procurement volume of biomass around Kouvola as a function of procurement cost (€ dry tonne –1). View larger in new window/tab.