Table 1. Terrestrial laser scanning data acquisition parameters.
Parameter Details
Acquisition Dates 22 April – 14 May 2024
Conditions Leaf-off
Scanner Model Riegl VZ-400i
Measurement principle Time-of-flight
Wavelength 1550 nm
Laser Beam Diameter (at exit) 7 mm
Beam Divergence 0.35 mrad (at the 1/e² points)
Beam Diameter at 10, 20 and 30 m 10, 14, 18 mm
Pulse Repetition Rate 600 kHz
Maximum Returns per Pulse Up to 8
Scan Pattern ‘Panorama 40’
Angular Resolution 0.04°
Point Spacing at 10 m 3.5 mm
Vertical Field of View 100° (Scan Position, upright), 360° (Scanner tilted 90°)
Horizontal Field of View 360° (Scan Position, upright), 100° (Scanner tilted 90°)
1

Fig. 1. Illustration of the applied point cloud data acquisition setup. A Riegl VZ-400i terrestrial laser scanner equipped with a tilt-mount to capture both upright-positioned (A) and tilted scans (B), enabling a combined 360° vertical and horizontal field of view. Nine scan positions were utilized to capture the full extent of the sample plots (C).

Table 2. Data record and their descriptions. ETRS-TM35FIN (EPSG:3067) is a projected coordinate reference system (CRS) commonly used in Finland. N2000 is the used vertical reference system. Tree species distribution is presented for tree attributes. For stand-level forest inventory attributes, the minimum–maximum ranges as well as mean values (in parenthesis) across the sample plots is presented.
Data record Description Data format
Tree-segmented point cloud data A point cloud file (one per each sample plot) containing the following attributes for each point record: .laz (version 1.4)
- X coordinate (Easting) [m], ETRS-TM35FIN (epsg: 3067)
- Y coordinate (Northing) [m], ETRS-TM35FIN (epsg: 3067)
- Z coordinate (Height) [m], N2000
- Reflectance (distance-corrected intensity) [dB] (stored as Extra Field)
- Return number
- Number of returns
- Scan position ID (stored as Point Source ID)
- Height above ground level [m] (stored as Extra Field ‘h’)
- Tree ID number (stored as Extra Field ‘treeid’)
Tree attributes A text file containing the following attributes for each tree segmented, in the order of their appearance: .csv (comma delimited)
- x: X coordinate of stem cross section mid-point (Easting) [m], ETRS-TM35FIN (epsg: 3067)
- y: Y coordinate of stem cross section mid-point (Northing) [m], ETRS-TM35FIN (epsg: 3067)
- z: Z coordinate of stem cross section height [m], N2000
- plot_id: Sample plot ID number
- tree_id: Tree ID number
- tree_sp: Tree species: n
   0 = not defined 1882
   1 = Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) 1811
   2 = Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) 1415
   3 = Birches (Betula L. spp.) 989
   4 = European aspen (Populus tremula L.) 71
   5 = grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) 44
   6 = common alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) 1
   7 = rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) 68
   9 = Larix spp. 1
   10 = Fir (Abies spp.) 6
   11 = unknown species 29
   12 = common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) 3
- stem_diam: Stem diameter at the height of tree identification [m]
- tree_height: Tree height [m]
- crown_area: Crown projection area [m2]
- crown_diam: Crown diameter [m]
- circle_compl: Circle completeness [%] (related to Hough circle finding)
- goodness_of_fit: Goodness of fit [%] (related to Hough circle finding)
- pts_on_circle: n.o. points on the fitted circle (related to Hough circle finding)
- slice_height: point cloud slicing height (± 0.15 m) for tree identification
Forest inventory attributes A text file containing stand-level forest inventory attributes for each sample plot, in the order of their appearance in the file: .csv (comma delimited)
- plot_id: Sample plot ID number
- x: X coordinate of sample plot center (Easting) [m], ETRS-TM35FIN (epsg: 3067)
- y: Y coordinate of sample plot center (Northing) [m], ETRS-TM35FIN (epsg: 3067)
  min–max (mean)
- N: number of trees per hectare 166–2080 (697)
- G: mean basal area [m2/ha] 4.9–50.9 (30.2)
- V: total stem volume [m3/ha] 40.9–625.1 (324.0)
- Dg: basal area-weighted mean diameter [cm] 16.9–45.2 (28.7)
- Hg: basal area-weighted mean height [m] 11.8–31.5 (22.1)
- Pine_BA%: Scots pine basal area perc. [%] 0–99.9 (55.5)
- Spruce_BA%: Norway spruce basal area perc. [%] 0–100 (26.7)
- Birch_BA%: Deciduous trees basal area perc. [%] 0–99.3 (17.8)