Table 1. Population names, their geographical locations, number of individuals sampled for genetic analyses, parameters of genetic diversities and inbreeding coefficients (F) for B. nana sampling sites studied. Ploc = number of polymorphic loci; Hj = Nei’s gene diversity.
Country Population Code Location No of
individuals 		Ploc Hj F
Latitude, Longitude
1. Poland Linje LIN 53°11´N, 18°18´E 23 83 0.120 0.249
2. Torfowisko pod Zieleńcem ZIEL 50°20´N, 16°25´E 20 91 0.129 0.130
3. Torfowiska Doliny Izery IZER 50°51´N, 15°21´E 20 102 0.136 0.060
4. Finland Juttuvaara JUT 62°57´N, 30°22´E 21 87 0.103 0.075
5. Kaitaa KAI 63°14´N, 28°52´E 20 87 0.114 0.402
6. Tuusniemi TUS 62°52´N, 28°24´E 21 91 0.091 0.035
7. Belarus Berezin’skij Zapovednik BZ 54°37´N, 28°21´E 7 85 0.120 0.078
8. Russia Ural Mts. UR 63°03´N, 58°36´E 7 89 0.115 0.057

Fig. 1. Locations of study populations. Population codes according to Table 1.

Table 2. Parameters of habitat quality and sexual reproduction in the B. nana populations. Pop = populations codes according to Table 1; Hab = number of habitat plots; Habitat quality parameters: EC = electrical conductivity; Reproductive parameters: GS = number of germinated (without scarification) seeds per individual, GSC = number of seeds germinated after scarification, ES = number of empty seeds (without ovule), PF = number of partly filled seeds, IN = number of seeds infected by insects; # = median values. View in new window/tab.

Fig. 2. The graph of matrix incompatibility counts (MICs). Reduction of MIC is related to the successive removal of genotypes from each of the specific population. Graphic symbols refer to codes of populations described in Table 1.

Table 3. Results from analyses of molecular variance in the B. nana populations divided into two groups: LIN + ZIEL (Poland) and all other samples.
Source of variation Percentage of variation P Fixation indices
Among groups 12.87 0.032 FCT = 0.12866
Among localities within groups 15.82 < 0.0001 FSC = 0.18153
Within localities 71.32 < 0.0001 FST = 0.28684
Table 4. Genetic differentiation (FST) between pairs of populations of B. nana. Population codes according to Table 1. * = statistically significant values after Bonfferoni’ s correction.
ZIEL IZER JUT KAI TUS BZ UR
LIN 0.244* 0.271* 0.314* 0.196* 0.339* 0.228* 0.278*
ZIEL 0.234* 0.359* 0.249* 0.367* 0.285* 0.301*
IZER 0.246* 0.159* 0.252* 0.222* 0.261*
JUT 0.049* 0.051* 0.161* 0.203*
KAI 0.085* 0.097* 0.136*
TUS 0.176* 0.217*
BZ 0.037

Fig. 3. Clustering results for the B. nana populations (K = 2) generated by STRUCTURE software. Population codes according to Table 1.

Fig. 4. Principal component analysis (PCA) plot revealing the genetic distances among 139 individuals of B. nana. Graphic symbols refer to codes of populations described in Table 1.

Fig. 5. Neighbour-joining tree based on 240 AFLP fragments comprising 8 populations of B. nana (based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient; Hammer et al. 2001). Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (1000 replicates). Graphic symbols refer to codes of populations described in Table 1.

Table 5. Results of the two-sample randomisation tests comparing the reproductive parameters (dependent variable) in the relict (R) vs. central (C) populations (grouping variables). * = value significant after Bonferroni’s correction.
Variable Test statistic P
Grouping Dependent Medians
Relict vs. central samples Female flowers R = 1.0000 1.0000 0.3956
C = 0.0000
Male flowers R = 6.0000 3.0000 0.0074*
C = 3.0000
Total no. of flowers R = 7.5000 3.0000 0.0161
C = 4.5000
Seed mass [g] R = 0.0159 0.0027 0.0035*
C = 0.0132
Seeds germinated without scarification R = 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
C = 0.0000
Seeds germinated after scarification R = 0.5000 –3.5000 0.0002*
C = 4.0000
Empty seeds R = 95.5000 0.5000 0.7345
C = 95.0000
Partly filled seeds R = 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
C = 0.0000
Seeds infected by insects R = 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000
C = 1.0000
Table 6. Results of ANOVA comparing the chemical parameters of environment in the populations of B. nana. Populations codes according to Table 1. Padj =
P adjusted. * = value significant after Bonferroni’s correction.
Variable DF F P Post hoc tests
pH 52 9.768 0.0001* IZER vs. TUS Padj = 0.0015
IZER vs. LIN Padj = 0.0028
IZER vs. KAI Padj = 0.0026
IZER vs. ZIEL Padj = 0.0432
Electrical conductivity (EC) 52 9.293 0.0001* LIN vs. ZIEL Padj = 0.0015
LIN vs. JUT Padj = 0.0070
LIN vs. KAI Padj = 0.0065
LIN vs. TUS Padj = 0.0072
LIN vs. IZER Padj = 0.0297
NH4+ concentration 52 1.924 0.1085 - -
PO43– concentration 52 8.696 0.0001* LIN vs. ZIEL Padj = 0.0015
LIN vs. TUS Padj = 0.0014
ZIEL vs. IZER Padj = 0.0065
IZER vs. TUS Padj = 0.0084
LIN vs. JUT Padj = 0.0209