Table 1. Mean values of studied traits for plus-trees and neighboring Norway spruce or Scots pine trees (data set 1).
Variable Scots pine, 3560* Norway spruce, 4615*
Plus-trees, 238* Neighboring trees, 3322* Plus-trees, 308* Neighboring trees, 4307*
height (m) 11.7 (3.3) 9.1 (3.1) 12.8 (3.5) 9.6 (3.6)
diameter at breast height (cm) 16.0 (3.5) 12.3 (3.8) 16.7 (4.6) 11.3 (4.4)
height-diameter ratio 0.73 (0.12) 0.75 (0.20) 0.77 (0.10) 0.86 (0.16)
* Number of trees.
Standard deviations are given in parenthesis.
Table 2. List of trials for data set 2.
Trial no. Tree species Spacing (m) Total
no. of families 		No. of families from PTWNT* No. of families from NT** No. of replicates Established (year) Age at measurement (years) Mean
dbh
(cm) 		Mean height
(m) 		Mean
h/dbh
(m/cm)
1021 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 8 24 24 1986 15 5.1 4.7 0.96
1022 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 8 24 24 1986 15 6.1 5.4 0.97
1023 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 8 24 24 1986 15 3.3 3.4 1.26
1024 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 8 24 24 1986 15 5.6 5.6 1.03
1025 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 7 18 24 1986 15 4.2 3.9 0.98
1026 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 7 18 24 1986 15 5.2 4.7 1.02
1027 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 7 18 24 1986 15 3.0 3.2 1.33
1028 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 7 18 24 1986 15 5.7 5.6 1.03
1029 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 9 24 24 1986 15 4.4 4.1 0.95
1030 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 9 24 24 1986 15 5.4 4.6 0.95
1031 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 9 24 24 1986 15 3.7 3.4 1.00
1032 Spruce 1.4×1.4 81 9 24 24 1986 15 6.3 5.8 0.95
448 Pine 2.2×1.5 160 6 12 16 1987 21 7.6 5.5 0.76
449 Pine 2.4×2.2 195 13 16 19 1987 21 4.3 3.3 0.84
450 Pine 2.2×2.2 257 18 19 20 1987 22 11.3 7.7 0.70
451 Pine 2.2×1.5 222 15 18 19 1987 22 7.0 4.6 0.70
452 Pine 2.2×2.2 185 11 16 18 1987 22 4.2 3.3 0.96
466 Pine 2.2×1.5 318 31 31 13 1988 21 9.7 7.3 0.77
467 Pine 2.2×1.5 318 31 31 13 1988 21 10.1 7.7 0.79
469 Pine 2.2×1.5 318 31 31 13 1988 21 10.0 7.5 0.77
470 Pine 2.2×1.5 318 31 31 13 1988 21 11.9 8.3 0.74
495 Pine 2.0×1.5 331 34 34 14 1990 22 7.1 4.4 0.65
496 Pine 2.2×2.2 331 35 34 14 1990 21 5.3 4.0 0.80
497 Pine 2.2×1.5 331 35 35 14 1990 22 8.5 6.5 0.80
498 Pine 2.2×1.5 331 34 34 14 1990 21 6.8 4.6 0.73
499 Pine 2.2×1.5 331 34 34 14 1990 21 5.6 4.5 0.87
506 Pine 2.0×1.0 378 64 64 17 1991 20 7.7 6.3 0.91
507 Pine 2.2×1.5 378 64 64 17 1991 20 6.9 5.6 0.86
508 Pine 2.2×1.5 378 64 64 18 1991 20 6.8 4.0 0.63
509 Pine 2.2×1.5 378 64 64 20 1991 20 9.1 7.2 0.82
510 Pine 2.2×1.5 378 64 64 22 1991 20 8.4 4.9 0.61
560 Pine 2.2×1.5 457 30 30 10 1993 20 5.8 3.7 0.68
561 Pine 2.3×1.5 457 30 30 13 1993 20 6.7 4.2 0.67
565 Pine 2.2×1.5 386 26 27 14 1994 20 4.6 3.5 0.82
566 Pine 2.2×1.5 386 26 27 14 1994 20 5.6 3.6 0.70
567 Pine 2.2×1.5 386 28 29 16 1994 20 5.4 3.4 0.69
* PTWNT = Plus-trees with neighboring trees.
** NT = Neighboring trees.
Table 3. Slenderness models for Scots pine and Norway spruce.
Variable Scots pine Norway spruce
Parameter estimates Standard error Parameter estimates Standard error
Intercept –1.9430 0.0855 –2.7841 0.1558
SMS 3.5859 0.2153 1.9061 0.2723
SMS2 –1.5444 0.1382 –0.4578 0.1562
h 0.0037 0.0013 –0.0513 0.0043
h–1 - - 2.2541 0.1671
ln(h) - - 0.8105 0.0592
Relh –0.2682 0.0290 –0.3186 0.0226
C 0.0265 0.0116 –0.0313 0.0090
M - - 0.0206 0.0080
S 0.0232 0.0078 - -
RMSE 0.15 0.13
Adjusted R2 0.54 0.44
SMS = Site mean slenderness.
h = Tree height (m).
C = Tree category, C = 1 if plus-tree, otherwise C = 0.
M = 1 if the trees were located in the midst of Sweden, otherwise M = 0.
S = 1 if the trees were located in the south of Sweden, otherwise S = 0.
1

Fig. 1. Mean prediction error of logarithmic height-diameter ratio over height for Scots pine (solid line) and Norway spruce (dashed line). The numbers in the graph represent the number of trees in each class.

2

Fig. 2. Mean prediction error of logarithmic height-diameter ratio over relative height for Scots pine (solid line) and Norway spruce (dashed line). The numbers in the graph represent the number of trees in each class.

3

Fig. 3. Mean prediction error of logarithmic height-diameter ratio over site mean slenderness for Scots pine (solid line) and Norway spruce (dashed line). The numbers in the graph represent the number of trees in each class.

4

Fig. 4. Mean prediction error of logarithmic height-diameter ratio over region in Sweden for Scots pine (solid line) and Norway spruce (dashed line). The numbers in the graph represent the number of trees in each class.

Table 4. Narrow sense heritabilities and associated standard errors for indicated traits of Scots pine and Norway spruce.
Scots pine Norway spruce
Heritability Standard error Heritability Standard error
height 0.35 0.02 0.31 0.03
diameter 0.24 0.01 0.37 0.04
height-diameter ratio 0.11 0.01 0.19 0.02
5

Fig. 5. Estimated breeding values (BV) for height (H), diameter (D) and height-diameter ratio (H/D) for Norway spruce (upper panels) and Scots pine (lower panels) including regression lines (black lines) with confidence intervals (grey dotted lines).