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Fig. 1. A. Location of the studied forest stands in Sliteres National park. B. The study site location within Latvia. C. Location of Latvia in Europe. NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.

Table 1. Size of the studied forest stands by type and management.
Forest type Size of the forest stands, ha
NAT SALNAT SALPLA
Cladinoso-callunosa 0.4 2.1 1.6
Vacciniosa 3.1 4.8 1.3
Myrtilloso-sphagnosa 1.5 2.0 1.5
Sphagnosa 2.0 1.0 0.8
NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.
Table 2. Effect of regenerating saplings (>0.5 m height) on vegetation composition constrained by management type in permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Mean height, DBH (diameter at breast height), basal area, and density of saplings are given. The significant effects are shown in bold. The letters designate significant differences according to the pairwise Tukey’s post-hoc test. The tests were conducted separately for each of the four forest types. View in new window/tab.
Table 3. Measured mean canopy openness and its effect on species composition constrained by management type as determined by paired permutation multivariate analysis of variance. Significant effects are shown in bold and letters indicate significant differences according to the pairwise Tukey’s post-hoc test. The tests were conducted separately for each of the four forest types.
Mean canopy openness NAT vs SALNAT SALNAT vs SALPLA SALPLA vs NAT
NAT SALNAT SALPLA p-value F-value p-value F-value p-value F-value
Cladinoso-callunosa 45.3 20.3 47.9 0.8 0.5 0.02 2.3 0.07 1.7
Vacciniosa 32.7A 25.2B 24.8C <0.001 4.2 0.008 2.9 <0.001 4.2
Myrtilloso-sphagnosa 24.7B 53.6A 23.9C 0.002 3.8 <0.001 6.3 0.04 1.9
Sphagnosa 61.7A 27.4B 47.9B 0.04 2.1 <0.001 5.8 0.2 1.2
NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.
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Fig. 2. Species and sample plot ordination (Detrended correspondence analysis) for Cladinoso callunosa stands. Vectors show correlations between the vegetation gradients and canopy openness (OP), mean diameter at breast height of regenerating Scots pine ( Pine_D ), mean height of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_H) and density of regenerating Silver birch (Birch_N). NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting. Species abbreviations are shown in full in Supplementary file S1. View larger in new window/tab.

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Fig. 3. Species and sample plot ordination (Detrended correspondence analysis) for Vacciniosa stands. Vectors show correlations between the vegetation gradients and canopy openness (OP), mean diameter at breast height of regenerating black alder (Alder_D), mean height of regenerating black alder (Alder_H) and basal area of regenerating black alder (Alder_G). NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting. Species abbreviations are shown in full in Suppl. file S1. View larger in new window/tab.

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Fig. 4. Species and sample plot ordination (Detrended correspondence analysis) for Myrtilloso-sphagnosa stands. Vectors show significant correlations of vegetation gradients and canopy openness (OP), mean diameter at breast height of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_D), mean height of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_H), basal area of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_G), density of regenerating Norway spruce (Spruce_N), Scots pine (Pine_N) and black alder (Alder_N). NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting. Species abbreviations are shown in full in Suppl. file S1. View larger in new window/tab.

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Fig. 5. Species and sample plot ordination (Detrended correspondence analysis) for Sphagnosa stands. Vectors show significant correlations of vegetation gradients and canopy openness (OP), basal area of regenerating Silver birch (Birch_G) and Scots pine (Pine_G), mean height of regenerating Silver birch (Birch_H) and Scots pine (Pine_H), mean diameter at breast height of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_D) and Silver birch (Birch_D), and density of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_N) and Silver birch (Birch_N). NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting Species abbreviations are shown in full in Suppl. file S1. View larger in new window/tab.

Table 4. Indicator species of management by forest types. P-values and indicator values (IV) are given. The analysis was conducted separately for each of the four forest types.
NAT SALNAT SALPLA
Species p-value IV Species p-value IV Species p-value IV
Cladinoso-callunosa Dicranum scoparium Hedw. <0.001 81.3 Melampyrum pratense L. <0.001 85.0 Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm. 0.002 77.0
Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. <0.001 51.0 Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid) Mitt. 0.007 37.7 Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. 0.002 38.8
Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot. <0.001 38.1 Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull 0.044 38.5
Pine seedlings Pinus sylvestris L. <0.001 45.0 Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad., 1794 <0.001 67.9
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. 0.001 45.2
Vacciniosa Vaccinium myrtillus L. <0.001 54.8 Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull 0.01 41.9 Polytrichum commune Hedw. <0.01 59.6
Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwägr. <0.001 33.3 Festuca ovina L. <0.001 55.6
Luzula pilosa (L). Willd. <0.001 30.8
Melampyrum pratense L. <0.001 57.7
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn <0.001 39.0
Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. <0.001 55.0
Myrtilloso-sphagnosa Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. 0.002 46.2 Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull <0.001 59.2 Birch seedlings Betula pendula Roth <0.001 74.6
Polytrichum commune Hedw. <0.001 53.2 Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow <0.001 82.5 Eriophorum vaginatum L. <0.001 39.8
Sphagnosa Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow 0.005 39.5 Oxycoccus palustris Pers. <0.001 50.2 Birch seedlings Betula pendula Roth <0.001 59.2
Salix spp. <0.001 42.5 Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull 0.006 38.6
Polytrichum commune Hedw. <0.001 88.6 Vaccinium myrtillus L. <0.001 48.2
Sphagnum riparium Ångstr. <0.001 30.0 Dicranum polysetum Sw. <0.001 64.5
Ledum palustris L. 0.023 34.2 Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwägr. <0.001 54.4
NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.
Table 5. Species richness according to forest type and management. Significant effects are shown in bold (according to ANOVA). The different letters indicate significant differences between management types according to the pairwise Tukey’s post-hoc test. The analysis was conducted separately for each of the four forest types.
Number of species (with mosses)
NAT SALNAT SALPLA
Cladinoso-callunosa 19 26 22
Vacciniosa 16A 40B 26A
Myrtilloso-sphagnosa 29A 23A 49B
Sphagnosa 22 31 22
NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.