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Fig. 1. Stem cuttings used for propagation: A = leafless semi-hardwood cuttings; B = leafy softwood cuttings of G. kola.

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Fig. 2. Unrooted cuttings of G. kola set in plastic bags filled with substrate (soil) and arranged in a shaded nursery.

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Fig. 3. Unrooted cuttings of G. kola in a modified non-mist poly-propagator.

Table 1. Combined effect of methods of propagation on rooting ability and death of juvenile stem cuttings of G. kola. View in new window/tab.
Table 2. Combined effect of methods of propagation on sprouting and leaves emergence ability of juvenile stem cuttings of G. kola. View in new window/tab.
Table 3. Multivariate analysis of variance (AMOVA) performed to test the overall effect of cutting type, hormonal treatment and nursery on vegetative propagation of G. kola.
Sources Statistical
F P
NT 2,66 < 0,001
CT 96,74 < 0,001
HT 3,58 < 0,012
NT × CT 64.44 < 0,001
NT × HT 12.34 < 0,001
CT × HT 5.95 < 0,001
NT × CT × HT 0.54 < 0,001
NT = Nursery type; CT = Cutting types; HT = Hormonal treatment
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Fig. 4. Rooted softwood cuttings of G. kola treated with indole-3-butyric acid rooting powder (90 days after potting).

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Fig. 5. Rooted cuttings (9 months old) of G. kola regenerated in non-mist poly-propagator and acclimatized in shaded nursery.

Table 4. Impact of coppicing height on shoot growth of G. kola seedlings.
Level of coppicing Traits
Shoot emergence time (Days) Mean number of shoots per strain Height growth of shoots (cm/month) Mean collar diameter (cm) of Shoots Mean length of leaves (cm)
1 node 80.33 ± 2.88a 1.19 ± 0.035b 4.27 ± 0.77a 0.56 ± 0.085a 13.55 ± 0.47a
2 nodes 74.02 ± 15.09a 1.59 ± 0.06b 3.82 ± 0.73a 0.34 ± 0.09b 11.93 ± 1.29a
3 nodes 69.66 ± 11.06a 2.56 ± 0.06a 2.35 ± 0.21b 0.29 ± 0.14b 10.72 ± 1.17b
F 4.15 17.59 7.69 15.70 5.53
P 0.073 0.003 0.022 0.004 0.043
Mean values in a column followed by the different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (Newman-keuls -test)
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Fig. 6. Two vigorous shoots induced from a G. kola stump after cutting back to node one.