Silva Fennica

Table 1. Origins of clones and provenance hybrid clones (Gtype) used as seed donors.
Gtype	Geographical origin	Geographical location and elevation: parent 1			Geographical location and elevation: parent 2
Gtype	Geographical origin	Latitude (N)	Longitude (E)	Elevation (m a.s.l.)	Latitude (N)	Longitude (E)	Elevation (m a.s.l.)
Finland × Switzerland (F × S)
V455	3/E1845 Muonio × E1771 Wintschgau	67°58´	23°40´	150–250	46°30´	10°25´	< 800
V456	4/E1845 Muonio × E1771 Wintschgau	67°58´	23°40´	150–250	46°30´	10°25´	< 800
Finland × Germany 1 (F × G1)
V447	6/E1832 Rovaniemi × E1770 Spiegelau	66°29´	25°40´	250	48°57´	13°25´	700–800
V448	8/E1832 Rovaniemi × E1770 Spiegelau	66°29´	25°40´	250	48°57´	13°25´	700–800
V449	10/E1832 Rovaniemi × E1770 Spiegelau	66°29´	25°40´	250	48°57´	13°25´	700–800
Finland × Germany 2 (F × G2)
V49	E5520 Loppi × E1893 Carlsfeld	60°37´	24°26´	120	50°24´	12°35´	900
V302	H3270 Loppi × E1766 Carlsfeld	60°37´	24°26´	120	50°24´	12°35´	900
Finland × Germany 3 (F × G3)
V381	K1413 Pieksänmaa × E1890/2 Schielbach	62°23´	27°04´	160	50°24´	12°18´	400–600
V382	K1413 Pieksänmaa × E1890/6 Schielbach	62°23´	27°04´	160	50°24´	12°18´	400–600
V383	K1411 Pieksänmaa × E1890/8 Schielbach	62°23´	27°04´	160	50°24´	12°18´	400–600
Finland × Latvia (F × L)
V469	E2672 Loppi × E943/2 Goldingen	60°44´	24°30´	120	57°38´	22°00´	< 100
V470	E2672 Loppi × E943/3 Goldingen	60°44´	24°30´	120	57°38´	22°00´	< 100
Russia (R)
V325	513/2 Pskov Oblast	–	–	–	57°48´	28°26´	100–200
V327	513/8 Pskov Oblast	–	–	–	57°48´	28°26´	100–200
Finland × Estonia (F × E)
V386	K1420 Pieksänmaa × E949/1 Perawald	62°22´	27°04´	160	58°00´	27°30´	< 100
V388	K1420 Pieksänmaa × E949/4 Perawald	62°22´	27°04´	160	58°00´	27°30´	< 100
V389	K1420 Pieksänmaa × E949/5 Perawald	62°22´	27°04´	160	58°00´	27°30´	< 100
Finland (F)
V47	Tree157, +8 Pornainen	60°29´	25°30´	30	–	–	–
V332	E2937/4 Pöytyä	60°43´	22°51´	90	–	–	–
V43	Tree300, +44 Miehikkälä	60°47´	27°30´	60	–	–	–
V48	Tree92, +44 Miehikkälä	60°47´	27°30´	60	–	–	–
V465	E3821/1 Ruokolahti	61°19´	28°55´	100	–	–	–

Fig. 1. Outline of experimental layout. CD – calendar day.

Fig. 2. (A) Height development of Norway spruce seedlings, and (B) probability of autumn frost damage in needles of Norway spruce seedlings, as averaged by the following climate treatments: 1 °C above ambient and ambient CO₂ (Ambient T+1 °C), 4° C above ambient and ambient CO₂ (Ambient T+4 °C), and 4 °C above ambient and elevated CO₂ (Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂).

Table 2. Parameter estimates and standard errors (SE) for final mean height (asym), mean height at height measurement start (hmin), day (xmid) half mean height was reached (asym–hmin), and scaling variable (scal) and random effects for final mean height (asym) and mean height at height measurement start (hmin) of height development model (Eq. 1).
Para- meter	Treatment	Fixed part		Random part
		Fixed part		Variance	Correlations
		Estimate	SE	Variance	asym Ambient T+1 °C	asym Ambient T+4 °C	asym Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂	hmin Ambient T+1 °C	hmin Ambient T+4 °C	hmin Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂
asym	Ambient T+1 °C	118^a	2.22	10.202	1	0.671	0.808	0.722	0.488	0.719
	Ambient T+4 °C	147^b	3.01	17.602		1	0.841	0.396	0.898	0.822
	Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂	144^b	3.87	19.902			1	0.455	0.708	0.921
hmin	Ambient T+1 °C	29^a	1.65	1.402				1	0.5	0.639
	Ambient T+4 °C	35^b	1.96	2.402					1	0.854
	Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂	37^b	1.91	2.902						1
xmid	Ambient T+1 °C	204^a	1.1	–
	Ambient T+4 °C	201^b	1.1	–
	Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂	201^b	1.1	–
scal	Ambient T+1 °C	17.60^a	1.443	–
	Ambient T+4 °C	14.66^b	1.292	–
	Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂	15.55^b	1.314	–
ɛ_rjt	–	–	–	10.302
Different letters following estimated values indicate differences among climate treatments (p<0.05). Ambient T+1 °C – 1 °C above ambient and ambient CO₂, Ambient T+4 °C – 4 °C above ambient and ambient CO₂, Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂ – 4 °C above ambient and elevated CO₂.

Table 3. Parameter estimates for final mean height (asym), mean height at height measurement start (hmin), day (xmid) half mean height was reached (asym–hmin), scaling variable (scal), and genotypes (Gtype) of by-climate-treatment height development model (Eq. 2).
Gtype	Origin	Ambient T+1 °C				Ambient T+4 °C				Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂
Gtype	Origin	asym	hmin	xmid	scal	asym	hmin	xmid	scal	asym	hmin	xmid	scal
V455	F × S	111	31	202	18.38	159	38	199	14.98	142	35	195	14.20
V456	F × S	107	31	205	18.86	147	32	197	14.94	145	33	197	14.28
V447	F × G1	134	28	202	16.39	170	37	199	14.86	178	35	197	13.46
V448	F × G1	119	29	203	16.61	141	37	198	15.82	130	35	197	15.00
V449	F × G1	117	27	201	17.43	146	36	199	15.32	139	34	194	14.03
V49	F × G2	128	27	205	16.97	178	37	200	14.50	159	33	196	13.34
V302	F × G2	136	30	203	17.92	175	35	197	14.17	184	37	197	13.63
V381	F × G3	123	30	203	19.27	131	35	196	15.98	127	32	199	14.18
V382	F × G3	122	33	203	17.98	154	39	197	14.70	130	38	196	14.00
V383	F × G3	132	32	204	18.54	124	34	203	17.47	128	34	200	14.66
V469	F × L	121	27	205	16.40	136	33	202	14.39	132	32	197	14.31
V470	F × L	102	25	206	18.02	127	28	201	15.78	105	27	199	16.00
V325	R	102	28	204	17.18	127	35	202	15.99	117	34	195	15.86
V327	R	110	24	201	18.55	134	31	198	15.02	134	32	194	16.16
V386	F × E	133	31	203	18.42	161	36	199	14.71	174	38	197	13.85
V388	F × E	112	28	201	18.38	150	36	198	14.39	151	35	196	14.63
V389	F × E	119	29	205	17.91	142	34	200	14.66	155	37	200	14.85
V47	F	124	27	204	18.17	155	33	202	15.37	170	31	196	13.32
V332	F	101	30	204	18.87	111	34	196	16.59	120	34	194	14.71
V43	F	128	29	203	16.02	140	37	205	16.46	138	34	198	14.22
V48	F	112	30	201	18.97	148	39	198	16.04	144	39	195	14.94
V465	F	124	28	205	17.07	159	37	200	14.54	162	36	195	14.12
All genotypes		119	29	203	17.83	146	35	199	15.30	144	34	196	14.44
Mother tree origins are Finland × Switzerland (F × S), Finland × Germany (F × G), Finland × Latvia (F × L), Finland × Estonia (F × E), Russia (R), and Finland (F). Numbers 1, 2, and 3 for F × G mark different crosses for mother trees. Ambient T+1 °C – 1 °C above ambient and ambient CO₂, Ambient T+4 °C – 4 °C above ambient and ambient CO₂, Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂ – 4 °C above ambient and elevated CO₂.

Fig. 3. (A) Final heights for Norway spruce genotypes, and by-climate-treatment mean final heights (solid line). (B) Calendar days of 50% frost damage probability in seedling needles for Norway spruce genotypes, and by-climate-treatment mean calendar days of 50% frost damage probability (solid line). Mother tree origins are Finland × Switzerland (F × S), Finland × Germany (F × G), Finland × Latvia (F × L), Finland × Estonia (F × E), Russia (R), and Finland (F). Numbers 1, 2 and 3 for F × G mark different crosses for mother trees. Climate treatments are Ambient T+1 °C – 1 °C above ambient and ambient CO₂, Ambient T+4 °C – 4 °C above ambient and ambient CO₂, Ambient T+4 °C + CO₂ – 4 °C above ambient and elevated CO₂. View larger in new window/tab.

Table 4. Parameter estimates, standard errors (SE), and random effects of the frost hardiness development model (Eq. 3). View in new window/tab.