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Fig. 1. Photographs (fall 2009) of treatment sites (a) dispersed woody debris, (b) dispersed woody debris with green-tree retention, (c) windrows of woody debris, (d) windrows of woody debris with green-tree retention, and (e) uncut old forest.

Table 1. Mean (n = 3 study areas) ± SE diameter (cm), height (m), and stand density of overstory (≥ 20 m height) coniferous trees, measurements of woody debris treatments, and results of analyses. Mean values followed by different letters are significantly different by DMRT.
Parameter and species DISP DISP+GTR WINDR WINDR+GTR FOREST Analysis
Overstory conifers
Mean diameter
Pseudotsuga menziesii - 48.2 ± 1.9 - 46.3 ± 4.3 38.1 ± 3.5 - -
Mean height
Pseudotsuga menziesii - 30.9 ± 1.0 - 29.6 ± 1.2 29.2 ± 2.4 - -
Trees/ha - 5–15 - 5–15 340 ± 87 - -
            F3,6 P
Area (ha) 4.47 ± 0.23 4.63 ± 0.03 5.83 ± 1.34 5.77 ± 1.38 100+ 0.92 0.49
Woody debris
Total volume (m3) 735b ± 106 1084b ± 257 2504a ± 483 2996a ± 296 - 21.76 <0.01
Volume/ha (m3) 167.9b ± 33.8 234.4b ± 56.5 504.1a ± 165.3 589.3a ± 148.3 - 6.81 0.02
  F1,2 P
Windrow length (m) - - 256.1 ± 22.6 411.7 ± 77.8 - 6.85 0.12
Volume (m3) per m of windrow - - 10.23 ± 2.62 8.06 ± 2.14 - 1.18 0.39
Windrow height (m) - - 2.26 ± 0.34 2.01 ± 0.35 - 6.81 0.12
Windrow width (m) - - 8.03 ± 0.97 7.32 ± 0.83 - 0.43 0.58
DISP = Dispersed debris; DISP+GTR = Dispersed debris and green-tree retention; WINDR = Windrow of debris; WINDR+GTR = Windrow of debris and green-tree retention.
Table 2. Mean ± SE (n = 3 or 5 samples) total abundance, species richness, and diversity of small mammals during 2010–2012 and results of RM-ANOVA for each block (study area). Within a row, columns with different letters are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT), adjusted for multiple contrasts. No data were found to be correlated among years. View in new window/tab.
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Fig. 2. Total abundance per line of forest-floor small mammals for the five treatments for each of the study sites: a) Munro, b) Kathleen, and c) Blaeberry 2010 to 2012. A = April, J = June, A = August, O = October, D = December, F = February.

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Fig. 3. Regression relationship of mean a) total abundance and b) species richness of forest-floor small mammals, and c) abundance of Myodes gapperi, with mean total volume of woody debris in dispersed and windrow treatments with and without GTR.

Table 3. Mean ± SE (n = 3 or 5 samples) abundance per line, number of recruits, successful pregnancies, and early juvenile survival for Myodes gapperi during 2010–2012 and results of RM-ANOVA for each block (study area). F-values identified by * were calculated using an H-F correction factor, which decreased the stated degrees of freedom due to correlation among repeated measures. Within a row, columns of mean values with different letters are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT), adjusted for multiple contrasts. View in new window/tab.
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Fig. 4. Abundance per line of Myodes gapperi for the five treatments for each of the study sites: a) Munro, b) Kathleen, and c) Blaeberry 2010 to 2012. A = April, J = June, A = August, O = October, D = December, F = February.

Table 4. Responses (overall mean values ± SE, n = 9; 3 study areas × 3 years) of small mammal communities to GTR and woody debris treatments 2010–2012.
Parameter Dispersed Dispersed+GTR Windrow Windrow+GTR Uncut forest
Mean abundance per line          
Myodes gapperi 0.43 ± 0.12 5.08 ± 1.61 10.15 ± 2.50 8.40 ± 2.23 4.35 ± 0.91
Peromyscus maniculatus 2.07 ± 0.55 3.80 ± 0.76 1.55 ± 0.74 1.80 ± 0.83 3.95 ± 0.91
Neotamias amoenus 3.03 ± 0.87 4.89 ± 1.62 2.34 ± 0.71 2.28 ± 0.73 1.68 ± 0.76
Phenacomys intermedius 0.34 ± 0.11 0.02 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.11 0.36 ± 0.26 0.16 ± 0.07
Microtus longicaudus 0.53 ± 0.28 0.80 ± 0.61 2.61 ± 0.82 1.97 ± 0.65 0.74 ± 0.50
Microtus pennsylvanicus 0.45 ± 0.33 0.56 ± 0.27 0.00 ± 0.00 0.07 ± 0.07 0.06 ± 0.06
Sorex monticolus 0.58 ± 0.16 0.32 ± 0.17 1.45 ± 0.22 0.79 ± 0.19 0.29 ± 0.14
Sorex cinereus 0.14 ± 0.05 0.15 ± 0.09 0.51 ± 0.20 0.57 ± 0.20 0.26 ± 0.15
Mustela erminea 0.04 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.07 0.04 ± 0.03
Total 7.61 ± 0.74 15.66 ± 3.58 18.81 ± 2.50 16.40 ± 2.38 11.53 ± 1.23
Species richness 2.89 ± 0.15 3.14 ± 0.43 3.70 ± 0.30 3.72 ± 0.21 3.01 ± 0.27
Species diversity 1.16 ± 0.07 1.19 ± 0.16 1.39 ± 0.16 1.51 ± 0.17 1.29 ± 0.13
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Fig. 5. Overall mean (n = 9; 3 study areas × 3 years) abundance for total small mammals and Myodes gapperi and species richness and diversity for the five treatments 2010 to 2012. DISP = Dispersed, DISP+GTR = Dispersed with green tree retention, WINDR = Windrow, WINDR+GTR = Windrow with green tree retention.