K. M. Bhat 
Pith flecks and ray abnormalities in birch wood.
Bhat K. M. (1980). Pith flecks and ray abnormalities in birch wood. Silva Fennica vol. 14 no. 3 article id 5082. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15023
Abstract
Samples that had extensive pith flecks, caused by the larvae of Dendromyza betulae (now Phytobia betulae E.Kang), were collected from two trees of Betula pendula Roth and two B. pubescens Erhr. The age of the trees varied from 45 to 56 years. The effect of larvae injury on the rays was studied. The width of affected rays in both species was more than twice that of normal rays. The height and frequency also increased considerably. When describing the anatomy of Betula species the pith flecks should be treated with caution in order to avoid confusion and misinterpretation.
The PDF includes a summary in Finnish.
Keywords
Betula pendula;
Betula pubescens;
wood structure;
insect damage;
rays;
Dendromyza betulae;
Phytobia betulae
Published in 1980
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Available at https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15023 | Download PDF
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