Nevenka Ćelepirović (email), Monika Karija Vlahović, Aikaterini Dounavi, Mladen Ivanković

Optimizations of high throughput multiplex polymerase chain reaction with simple sequence repeat markers for genotyping of common walnut populations (Juglans regia L.)

Ćelepirović N., Karija Vlahović M., Dounavi A., Ivanković M. (2016). Optimizations of high throughput multiplex polymerase chain reaction with simple sequence repeat markers for genotyping of common walnut populations (Juglans regia L.). Silva Fennica vol. 50 no. 5 article id 1674. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1674

Highlights

  • We combined eleven SSR markers in one multiplex PCR to make faster and cost effective amplification of the common walnut DNA from Croatia
  • Genetic variation of common walnut from Croatia was moderate at analyzed SSR loci
  • The resultant multiplex PCR could be used for genotyping of common walnut populations.

Abstract

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows amplification of two or more pair of primers in parallel for amplification of multiple target sequences in a single reaction tube. In this study, we combined existing simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (nuclear microsatellites) in the novel combination of multiplex PCR to study the population genetics of common walnut from Croatia. From twenty one tested SSR markers, eleven produced satisfactory results in one multiplex PCR. Population genetic results achieved from 15 samples of Croatian common walnut showed moderate genetic variability (average value: He 0.473; Ho 0.568). Our multiplex PCR allowed cost effective work concerning chemicals, plastic ware, device, and working time producing optimal results. The optimized multiplex PCR represented the best combination of eleven SSR primers for genotyping common walnut in a single PCR reaction.

Keywords
SSR markers; nuclear microsatellites; Juglans regia L.; multiplex PCR

Author Info
  • Ćelepirović, Division of Genetics, Forest Tree Breeding and Seed Science, Croatian Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko, Croatia E-mail celepirovic.nevenka@gmail.com (email)
  • Karija Vlahović, DNA Laboratory, Department of Forensic Medicine&Criminology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia E-mail monika.karija.vlahovic@mef.hr
  • Dounavi, Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Insitute of Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldesttr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany E-mail aikaterini.dounavi@forst.bwl.de
  • Ivanković, Division of Genetics, Forest Tree Breeding and Seed Science, Croatian Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko, Croatia E-mail mladeni@sumins.hr

Received 11 July 2016 Accepted 18 October 2016 Published 8 November 2016

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Available at https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1674 | Download PDF

Creative Commons License CC BY-SA 4.0

1 Introduction

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), also known as microsatellites, represent DNA regions consisting of two to six nucleotide repeats (Butler 2005a), which are highly polymorphic and uniformly distributed in the eukaryotic genome (Toth et al. 2000). This type of DNA markers is easy to analyze using advanced, cheaper and faster methodologies and automatic capillary electrophoresis. The application across related species increases applicability of SSR markers (Wang et al. 2008). These characteristics make SSRs suitable markers to obtain genetic diversity data of a broad range of organisms (Brinegar 2009). Multiplex PCR is a convenient method for simultaneous amplification of several SSR markers in one reaction. PCR multiplexes can combine previously published SSR markers, which reduce the time and cost of experiment (Holleley 2009). The standardization of multiplex PCR is ensured by uniform reaction conditions, the same amount of template and reagents, and minimized variation produced by human and technical factor (Collins et al. 2004).

Thirty nuclear SSR markers were isolated from black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) library constructed from DNA of ten individuals from USA in 2002 (Woeste et al. 2002). The SSR markers were named with prefix WGA followed by a number and were tested for amplification of the species and cultivars from family Juglandaceae. A considerable number of authors reported their results after applying sets of those SSR markers on different walnut samples and species (Dangle et al. 2005; Victory et al. 2006; Ross-Davis et al. 2008; Ardhya et al. 2010). The same SSR markers were also used for genetic research of national common walnut populations and cultivars in Europe (Foroni et al. 2005; Foroni et al. 2006; Foroni et al. 2007; Cabral et al. 2008; Pollegioni et al. 2011; Ruiz Garcia et al. 2011) and in Asia (Ahmed et al. 2012; Gunn et al. 2010; Ibrahimov et al. 2010; Karimi et al. 2010; Kim et al. 2012; Mahmoodi et al. 2013; Pollegioni et al. 2014; Vahdati et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2008).

Common walnut is an important tree species in Croatia, mainly due to its fruit production. It was planted as individual trees or in small groups in backyards and fruit orchards. Besides planting of the common walnut that grow in Croatia for the centuries, many varieties were imported from neighboring countries, especially after the First World War (Mrva 1995). Although several review articles on PCR multiplex development already exist for forest and agriculture trees (Guichoux et al. 2011), this method is not commonly used for common walnut. Moreover, the genetic variability of Croatian common walnut populations using molecular genetic markers has not been studied so far. The goal of the present study was to set up multiplex PCRs with microsatellite primers to obtain faster and cost effective data for studying the genetic diversity of common walnut populations from Croatia.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Sample collection and DNA extraction

The samples for DNA extraction were fresh leaves collected from 15 mature common walnut trees of about 25–50 years old. These trees were grown in the municipality of Jastrebarsko (45°40´N, 15°39´E), in Croatia and were planted as urban, ornamental trees. The DNA was extracted according to the protocol of Doyle and Doyle (1987) with the following modifications: hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction buffer contained 2% polvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The quality and quantity of isolated DNA was checked on 0.8% agarose gel (Sigma, Germany) using a DNA Ladder (Lambda DNA/HindIII Fragments; Invitrogen, Germany). The DNA concentration was measured fluorometrically (Quantus Fluorimeter, Promega, USA) and ranged from 20.4 to 224.0 ng µl–1.

2.2 PCR conditions, genotyping and genetic analysis

The mostly used SSR markers for genotyping of cultivar and population structure of Juglandaceae were chosen from the literature to study the population structure of common walnut from Croatia. The primer parameters for chosen WGA loci were described in Table 1. SSR loci were amplified in a single PCR reaction with a total volume of 10 µL and in a multiplex PCR reaction with a total volume of 20 µL. The PCR reactions were performed in a PTC-100 Thermal Cycler (MJ Research, Waltham, MA, USA) using fluorescent labelled primers (fluorescent dyes: 6-FAM, VIC, NED, and PET; Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies GmbH). The PCR mixtures contained the following components: 1x PCR buffer, 200 mM each dNTP, 1 U Taq DNA polymerase (TAKARA Co. Ltd, Tokio, Japan), and 1–2 ng template DNA and primers. The primer concentration varied between 0.1 µM and 0.4 µM. The PCR program started with initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 58 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 40 s and a final elongation step at 72 °C for 2 min.

Table 1. Primer sequence information.
Locus
name
Primer sequence (5’ to 3’) Reference Label GenBank accession number Expected size range Amplified size range Concentration of primers in multiplex PCR (µM)
WGA 001 F: ATTGGAAGGGAAGGGAAATG
R: CGCGCACATACGTAAATCAC
Dangel et al. 2005 6 FAM AY465952 180–192 186–192 0.3
WGA 004 F: TGTTGCATTGACCCACTTGT
R: TAAGCCAACATGGTATGCCA
Dangel et al. 2005 NED AY465953 228–238 228–230 0.15
WGA 005 F: CAGTTTGTCCCACACCTCCT
R: AACCCATGGTGAGAGTGAGC
Woeste et al. 2002 6 FAM No data 240–266 Multiallele pattern -
WGA 009 F: CATCAAAGCAAGCAATGGG
R: CCATTGCTCTGTGATTGGG
Dangel et al. 2005 VIC AY465954 229–252 236–244 0.15
WGA 027 F: AACCCTACAACGCCTTGATG
R: TGCTCAGGCTCCACTTCC
Woeste et al. 2002 6 FAM AY333951 192–210 202–208 -
WGA 032 F: CTCGGTAAGCCACACCAATT
R: GGACCCAGCTCCTCTTCTCT
Woeste et al. 2002 VIC AY333952 120–196 Multiallele pattern -
WGA 071 F: ACCCGAGAGATTTCTGGGAT
R: GGACCCAGCTCCTCTTCTCT
Woeste et al. 2002 6 FAM No data 136–210 205–207 -
WGA 069 F: TTAGATTGCAAACCCACCCG
R: AGATGCACAGACCAACCCTC
Dangel et al. 2005 PET AY333953 158–180 164–184 0.15
WGA 089 F: ACCCATCTTTCACGTGTGTG
R: TGCCTAATTAGCAATTTCCA
Dangel et al. 2005 6 FAM AY352440 212–220 212–220 0.25
WGA 118 F: TGTGCTCTGATCTGCCTCC
R: GGGTGGGTGAAAAGTAGCAA
Dangel et al. 2005 NED AY479958 184–209 184–206 0.1
WGA 148 F: GGTGAACTCCCATAGGGGTA
R: CCAATGCTACTTGCAGAACC
Woeste et al. 2006 VIC DQ307431 253–271 252–296 0.2
WGA 202 F: CCCCATCTACCGTTGCACTTT
R: GCTGGTGGTTCTATCATGGG
Dangel et al. 2005 VIC AY479959 238–275 251–275 -
WGA 204 F: GGGTCTCGCCTTCTTTTCTT
R: CACAGAGAGAAGCACGGGTA
Woeste et al. 2007 NED DQ307432 172–178 174–176 0.1
WGA 225 F: AATCCCTCTCCTGGGCAG
R: TGTTCCACTGACCACTTCCA
Dangel et al. 2005 PET AY479960 190–202 192–204 -
WGA 256 F: TGAAGACAACAAAACTGCGC
R: CCGGCATTGTTTCTGAAAAT
Woeste et al. 2009 PET DQ307432 227–253 249–291 0.2
WGA 276 F: CTCACTTTCTCGGCTCTTCC
R: GGTCTTATGTGGGCAGTCGT
Dangel et al. 2005 6 FAM AY479961 143–192 168–194 -
WGA 321 F: TCCAATCGAAACTCCAAAGG
R: GTCCAAAGACGATGATGGA
Dangel et al. 2005 NED AY479962 222–225 223–239 -
WGA 331 F: TCCCCCTGAAATCTTCTCCT
R: CGGTGGTGTAAGGCAAATG
Dangel et al. 2005 VIC AY479963 273–277 271–275 -
WGA 332 F: ACGTCGTTCTGCACTCCTCT
R: GCCACAGGAACGAGTGCT
Foroni et al. 2006 PET AY479964 214–225 215–225 0.1
WGA 349 F: GTGGCGAAAGTTTATTTTTTGC
R: ACAAATGCACAGCAGCAAAC
Woeste et al. 2002 6 FAM AY479965 258–274 262–274 0.25
WGA 376 F: GCCCTCAAAGTGATGAACGT
R: TCATCCATATTTACCCCTTTCG
Woeste et al. 2002 NED AY479966 218–254 230–252 -

The PCR fragments were separated by capillary electrophoresis on a 3100-Avant Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems), using the GeneScan-500 LIZ (Applied Biosystems) internal size standard. Obtained DNA fragments were sized using GeneMapper software.

Genetic diversity parameters were estimated with GeneAlex software (version 6) (Peakall and Smouse 2006).

3 Results

3.1 Multiplex PCR primer combinations

We tested twenty one previously labeled SSR markers (Table 1) for specificity and sensitivity in single PCRs. The nineteen of them gave positive and repeatable results for all fifteen analyzed samples in the expected size range, except WGA 005 and WGA 032 which produced multilevel pattern (Table 1). The PCR products generated with SSR genotyping produced both homozygote and heterozygote peaks (Fig. 1), which is in accordance to diploid level of common walnut. Our goal was to combine as many SSR markers as possible in one multiplex PCR. Based on single PCR data, we excluded those SSR markers from multiplexing which produce overlapping loci labelled with the same dye (WGA 071, WGA 276, WGA 202, and WGA 027) and excessive stutter bands (WGA 376). The remaining fourteen SSR markers were considered as candidates for the multiplex PCR. Further, we performed the multiplex PCR according to the protocol in the literature (Henegariu et al. 1997) using two different equimolar concentrations of primers: 0.4 µM and 0.15 µM. In contrast to the higher molar concentration (0.4 µM), the lower primer concentrations (0.15 µM) made the peak assignment and the data analysis easier in the multiplex PCR. However, WGA 225, WGA 321, and WGA 331 showed lack of amplification in multiplex PCRs. To achieve even peak heights and peak height balance in multiplex PCR, we empirically optimized the individual primer concentration of eleven SSR markers which varied between 0.1–0.3 µM (Table 1). The remaining eight SSR markers which were excluded from the multiplex PCR were possible to be combined into two smaller multiplex PCRs: one five-primer-set (WGA 027, WGA 225, WGA 276, WGA 331, and WGA 321) and one three-primer-set (WGA 071, WGA 202, and WGA 376) (data not shown).

1

Fig. 1. Genotype profile (electropherogram) of the eleven microsatellite loci (SSR markers) of common walnut generated by multiplex PCR. The x-axis represents DNA fragment size in base pairs, and the y-axis represents fluorescence units. The SSR profile is displayed in the blue (6-FAM labeled primers), green (VIC labeled primers), yellow (NED labeled primers) and red (PET labeled primers) channels of a five-color fluorescent system, with the orange (LIZ labeled fragments) channel being used for a size marker (not shown). View larger in new window/tab.

3.2 Genotyping data

A summary of gene diversity parameters of 15 common walnut samples at each of eleven analyzed loci is presented in Table 2. Genetic diversity was moderate for most of the investigated loci. In total, 42 alleles were found. All markers were polymorphic with a maximum number of alleles Na = 7 (WGA 069) and a minimum Na = 2 (WGA 004 and WGA 204) with an average value of 3.818. Markers WGA 001, WGA 069 and WGA 148 showed excess of homozygotes. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.067 to 0.667 with an average of 0.473. Fixation index (FIS) indicated excess of heterozygosity in five loci (ranged from –0.034 to –0.132) and a deficiency of heterozygotes in six loci (ranged from 0.016 to 0.668). Only three of them indicated significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Table 2. Gene diversity parameters of eleven common walnut SSR markers, sample size (N), number of observed alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), fixation index (FIS), and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HW).
Locus N Na Ne Ho He FIS HW
WGA 001 15 4 2,514 0,200 0,602 0,668 ***
WGA 004 15 2 1,923 0,533 0,480 –0,111 ns
WGA 009 15 3 2,761 0,533 0,638 0,164 ns
WGA 069 15 7 4,091 0,333 0,756 0,559 *
WGA 089 15 4 3,103 0,667 0,678 0,016 ns
WGA 118 15 4 2,571 0,667 0,611 –0,091 ns
WGA 148 15 6 2,586 0,400 0,613 0,348 ***
WGA 204 15 2 1,069 0,067 0,064 –0,034 ns
WGA 256 15 4 2,432 0,667 0,589 –0,132 ns
WGA 332 15 3 2,761 0,667 0,638 –0,045 ns
WGA 349 15 3 2,381 0,467 0,580 0,195 ns
Mean 15 3,818 2,563 0,473 0,568 0,140  
SE 0 0,464 0,222 0,062 0,054 0,084  
ns = not significant, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001

4 Discussion

Multiplex PCR enables quick and cost effective amplification of samples with more than one primer pair in one reaction (Edward and Gibbs 1994). Theoretically, the number of primer pairs in single multiplex mix is limited by the number and range of fragment size (Culley et al. 2013). In our work, twenty one SSR markers previously used to study the genetic diversity of populations and cultivars of common walnut (Dangel et al. 2005; Ross-Davis et al. 2008; Woeste et al. 2002) were used for genotyping of 15 samples of common walnut from Croatia. We showed that the highest number of SSR markers combinable in one multiplex PCR was eleven primer pairs. The remaining eight SSR markers were possible to be combined in two multiplex PCRs, with five and three SSR markers, respectively. Also, three SSR markers did not amplify in multiplex PCR, probably because of competition between primers (Butler 2005b; Henegariu et al. 1997). The limiting factor for choosing the candidate primer pairs for multiplex PCR was labelling of primers with the available fluorescent dyes for genotyping with ABI PRISM® 3100-Avant Genetic Analyzer. Particularly, for multiplex formation, we gave special attention to avoid overlapping of size ranges of the fragments labelled with the same fluorescent dye. With the optimization of primer concentrations, we achieved peak height balance at heterozygous SSR loci. The developed multiplex panel could be enlarged by modifying of the cycling conditions, the thoughtfully fluorescent labelling of SSR markers and broadening of the tested size range.

Information of genetic diversity and population structure are important to understand long term variability and adaptability of populations (Rajora et al. 2001). The study of molecular diversity of common walnut is essential in the preservation of its genetic resources. The common walnut is species that predominantly growth in human settlement, so its selection and distribution is directly affected by humans. Traditionally managed common walnut populations may serve as reservoir for genetic variation (Gun et al. 2010). Analyses of fifteen samples of Croatian walnut population from small geographic area showed moderate polymorphic level and genetic diversity. The observed average number of alleles per locus is highly dependent on sample size. Accordingly, the average number of alleles of Croatian samples was lower compared with those in literature in which more individual trees were studied but the average number of effective alleles was consistent with the published data (Pollegioni et al. 2009; Pollegioni et al. 2011; Ruiz-Garcia et al. 2011). The investigation of Croatian walnut population, which is small but complex population considering the mixing of different genotypes over the centuries, will provide insight into effects of traditional management on its population genetics.

Acknowledgments

Funding was provided by Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia. to research project Tree breeding and forest seed science (024-0242108-2099) and by Croatian forest L.t.d. to research project Genetic variability of Families of Common Walnut.

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Gunn B.F., Aradhya M., Salick J.M., Miller A.J., Yongping Y., Lin L., Xian H. (2010). Genetic variation in walnuts (<em>Juglans regia</em> and <em>J. sigillata</em>; Juglandaceae): species distinctions, human impacts, and the conservation of agrobiodiversity in Yunnan, China. American Journal of Botany 97(4): 660–671. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900114" target="_blank"><span class="hyperlink" style="font-size:1em;">http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900114</span>.</a>