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Articles by Erik Lönnroth

Category : Article

article id 7307, category Article
Erik Lönnroth. (1934). On the straight line describing volume of a forest stand. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 40 no. 30 article id 7307. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7307
Keywords: methodology; Volume line; pine forest; leveling
Abstract | View details | Full text in PDF | Author Info

The article describes the method of improving the leveling line of the volume of sample trees so that the volume figures themselves indicate the best leveling. The original method of leveling line originates from Kopezky. Here the method is illustrated with a data from Finnish pine forest.

The PDF contains a summary in Finnish.  

  • Lönnroth, E-mail: el@mm.unknown (email)
article id 7245, category Article
Erik Lönnroth. (1929). Theoretical observations on volume growth and drain of a forest stand. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 34 no. 32 article id 7245. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7245
Keywords: volume; forest growth; stand; natural drain
Abstract | View details | Full text in PDF | Author Info

In a natural state growing closed forest the amount of timber grows yearly. However, in the same time the timber volume also decreases when part of the trees die in the competition for light and other growth factors.

There are many interactive functions and characteristic that influence the growth and drain in a stand. These can be illustrated as mathematical models. The article discusses a set of models.

The volume 34 of Acta Forestalia Fennica is a jubileum publication of professor Aimo Kaarlo Cajander.

  • Lönnroth, E-mail: el@mm.unknown (email)
article id 7206, category Article
Erik Lönnroth. (1927). On regulation of forest holdings with special consideration of forest conditions in Finland. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 32 no. 1 article id 7206. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7206
Keywords: normal forest; regulated forest; forest holding; sustainable yield; economic
Abstract | View details | Full text in PDF | Author Info

To achieve a continuous and constant timber flow over a longer time period, the forest holding structure should be close to normal forest or regulated forest. Concept of normal forest is presented as the model of achieving the highest possible sustainable yield and hence also the best economic return. The article discusses the regulations on the management of a forest holding with the view on regulating the forest yield.   

Felling need to be planned according to the forest site and tree species. The main tree species for silvicultural purposes are pine, spruce and birch. After the widely used controlled burning of forests the state of Finnish forests is mostly weak and far from the “normal forest”. Majority of forests are of young and there are lots of broadleaved forests.  Because of the great variation of the forest sites and their productivity as well as the small size of holdings in Finland, the selection of forest management regime, mainly the felling style (clear cut or light selection) is also important. The idea of management plans is represented.  

  • Lönnroth, E-mail: el@mm.unknown (email)
article id 7204, category Article
Erik Lönnroth. (1927). On volume formulas. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 31 no. 5 article id 7204. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7204
Keywords: stem volume; methodology; measuring; formula
Abstract | View details | Full text in PDF | Author Info

Volume formulas have been developed already for long time but there are still some questions to be solved. The volume of a stem can be calculated based on measurements of diameter on various heights or based on mathematic formula. The article presents the formula development for that. The study is based on measurements of 24 pine stands.   

The results of the new formula can be seen satisfactory with the relatively small data of this study. Coincidentally the formally best mean solution of the here compared volume calculation formulas was the one based on Denzin’s formula. There the deviation from total mean is almost zero.   

  • Lönnroth, E-mail: el@mm.unknown (email)
article id 7199, category Article
Erik Lönnroth. (1926). Dendrometer. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 30 no. 4 article id 7199. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7199
Keywords: dendrometer; measuring instrument; principle; theory
Abstract | View details | Full text in PDF | Author Info

The article presents the principle of working if a dendrometer and the mathematical theory behind it. Dendrometer is a new measuring instruments used to determine the height and diameter of a standing tree. The usability of the instruments is proofed to be very good thought there are some limitations to its use. 

  • Lönnroth, E-mail: el@mm.unknown (email)
article id 7197, category Article
Erik Lönnroth. (1926). The stereometric mean tree of the stand. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 30 no. 2 article id 7197. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7197
Keywords: mean tree; average tree; stereometry; stereometric; statistical numbers
Abstract | View details | Full text in PDF | Author Info

The mean has a great importance in statistics in general and also in forest statistical calculations. The meaning of the average tree and its characteristics is important also for the practical forest mensuration work. However, the question is how are the statistical numbers of a mean tree related to the statistical numbers of the stand.   

Study is based on the strip-wise survey of forests in southern Finland. From that information the 30 sample plots were chosen, 10 of each of most typical forest site types, MT, VT and CT. The stands are of different ages and development classes, varying from 14 to 159 years.

For the determination of the average tree are the statistical numbers of five characteristics needed: volume, basal area, diameter, height and form factor. The stereometric mean tree of the stand can be calculated with only one statistical method and that solution is absolute.

Theoretically and statistically absolute solution for the problem is the continuous solution by the mean that is weighted with the number of stems. This solution however is not very useful in practical sense.

A simple, practical and adequately exact solution for determining the average tree by approximation procedure of a certain arithmetic mean. 

  • Lönnroth, E-mail: el@mm.unknown (email)
article id 7196, category Article
Erik Lönnroth. (1925). Studies on internal structure and development of even aged natural normal pine stands: based on the data from southern part of Finland. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 30 no. 1 article id 7196. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7196
Keywords: Pinus; stand structure; pine; natural normal stand; even aged
Abstract | View details | Full text in PDF | Author Info

Study is based on the strip-wise survey of forests in southern Finland. From that information the 30 sample plots were chosen, 10 of each of most typical forest site types, MT, VT and CT. The stands are of different ages and development classes, varying from 14 to 159 years.

The article discusses the earlier literature on the factors effecting forest stands and presents the data in detail. The results section is divided into paragraphs on number of stems of the stand, height, crown, breast height diameter, basal area and volume. The statistical numbers are calculated and presented.    

  • Lönnroth, E-mail: el@mm.unknown (email)

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