Silva Fennica vol. 48 | 2014
Category : Research article
article id 1219,
category
Research article
(2014).
Diversifying clearcuts with green-tree retention and woody debris structures: conservation of mammals across forest ecological zones.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
5
article id 1219.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1219
Keywords:
clearcutting;
green-tree retention;
small mammals;
coniferous forests;
ecological zones;
Myodes gapperi;
population dynamics;
red-backed voles;
woody debris structures
Highlights:
Species diversity of small mammals increased with structural complexity left on clearcut sites; Productivity of red-backed vole populations was higher in sites with green-tree retention (GTR) and windrows of woody debris; GTR and windrows may provide additive effect for providing habitat to conserve mammals on clearcuts.
article id 1217,
category
Research article
(2014).
Primary forest fuel supply chain: assessing barriers and drivers for the modal shift from truck to train.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
5
article id 1217.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1217
Keywords:
biomass;
multimodal transport;
train transport;
quality function deployment;
house of quality
Highlights:
For combined heat and power plants in Austria procuring forest fuels, the most competitive transport mode is road transport using walking-floor trucks; The main barriers for a modal shift are the plant managers’ negative experiences with the railroad; Rail transport has its benefits, when high volumes are needed and transport distances are long.
article id 1192,
category
Research article
(2015).
Post-harvest height growth of Norway spruce seedlings in northern Finland peatland forest canopy gaps and comparison to partial and complete canopy removals and plantations.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
5
article id 1192.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1192
Highlights:
Norway spruce seedlings’ height growth recovered within four years after the cutting of canopy gaps; Growth was linearly related to tree height, being highest for tallest seedlings; Seedlings in the 20 m diameter gap and in the central and northern parts in the 15 m diameter gap showed the best growth; In gaps early height growth was 60% of that in peatland spruce plantations but 2–3 times higher than in uneven-aged cut forests.
article id 1190,
category
Research article
(2014).
Modelling biomass of young and dense Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) dominated mixed forests in northern Sweden.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
5
article id 1190.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1190
Highlights:
The biomass allocation to tree components is different in unmanaged and managed young stands; Higher foliage biomass and lower stem and branch biomass were detected in the unmanaged stands; Models for trees from young and dense stands provide better estimates of biomass in such stands than those based on data from managed stands.
article id 1140,
category
Research article
(2015).
Perceptions and realities: public opinion on forests and forestry in Finland, 1993–2012.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
5
article id 1140.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1140
Highlights:
Analysis of the longest-running survey in the world on public perceptions of forestry; Comparison of perceptions with realities in forestry in Finland; The role of the forests and their management is well regarded by the Finns; More protection of the forests and better performance by the wood industry is demanded.
article id 1135,
category
Research article
(2014).
Short-rotation bioenergy stands as an alternative to spruce plantations: implications for bird biodiversity.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
5
article id 1135.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1135
Keywords:
Norway spruce;
Picea abies;
hybrid aspen;
Sweden;
Populus × wettsteinii;
production forests
Highlights:
There is a gap in knowledge regarding the biodiversity implications of replacing production forests with bioenergy stands; We compared the avian biodiversity of early rotation hybrid aspen stands and spruce plantations, the latter being the dominant production forest type in southern Sweden; Our results indicate that young hybrid aspen stands can support relatively diverse and distinctive bird communities.
article id 1124,
category
Research article
(2014).
Height increment of hybrid aspen Populus tremuloides x P. tremula as a function of weather conditions in central part of Latvia.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
5
article id 1124.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1124
Keywords:
height growth;
energy wood;
tree growth;
temperature;
intra-annual dynamics;
plantation silviculture
Highlights:
Intra-annual height growth of hybrid aspen was monitored; Clones with early leaf flushing dates showed faster height growth; Height growth was generally controlled by temperature; Fast-growing hybrids were more robust to weather conditions than slow-growing ones; Potential evapotranspiration (moisture regime) negatively affected height growth of clones with delayed phenology.
article id 1211,
category
Research article
(2014).
Interaction of initial litter quality and thinning intensity on litter decomposition rate, nitrogen accumulation and release in a pine plantation.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
4
article id 1211.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1211
Keywords:
litter quality;
litter decomposition;
nitrogen cycling;
thinning intensity;
Pinus tabulaeformis
Highlights:
Litter quality and thinning showed an interaction on one year litter decomposition rates, N accumulation, and net N release; N accumulated until the underlying critical acid-unhydrolyzable residue to nitrogen ratio (approximately 57–69) was met; Increased N concentration in litter and thinning intensity induced rapid litter decomposition and N cycling in coniferous plantation with a slow decomposition rate.
article id 1207,
category
Research article
(2014).
Past human population history affects current forest landscape structure of Vodlozero National Park, Northwest Russia.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
4
article id 1207.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1207
Highlights:
In large scale (0–20 km), the proportion of spruce in forest stands was positively affected by distance from old villages. This relationship was non-linear with a threshold distance of 15 km; In small scale (0–5 km), old villages affected tree species composition and age structure of forests. Effect on age structure was the strongest on stands growing on mineral soils.
article id 1188,
category
Research article
(2014).
Damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis to seedlings of two native and five introduced tree species in Sweden.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
4
article id 1188.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1188
Keywords:
forest regeneration;
conifer seedlings;
defence;
feeding damage;
forest plantation;
resistance
Highlights:
Both native and introduced confer species in Sweden can be highly susceptible to damage by the pine weevil; Douglas fir and Sitka spruce were generally the most damaged among six studied conifer species; The results highlight some of the risks in establishing exotic tree species for forest production.
article id 1176,
category
Research article
(2014).
Germination differences between natural and afforested populations of Pinus brutia and Cupressus sempervirens.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
4
article id 1176.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1176
Keywords:
nursery;
silviculture;
drought stress;
cold stratification;
local adaptation;
salt stress;
Syria
Highlights:
Silvicultural practices of raising and outplanting seedlings yielded contrasting outcomes in our species; Afforested Pinus brutia populations acquired ability to tolerate drought stress at intermediate and hot temperatures compared to natural populations, which may indicate local adaptation; Natural Cupressus sempervirens populations showed higher salt-tolerance than afforested populations; Seed germination was optimal under intermediate temperatures and deionized water for both species.
article id 1159,
category
Research article
(2014).
Sequencing of harvester work during standard cuttings and in areas with windbreaks.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
4
article id 1159.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1159
Highlights:
In standard cutting stands and thinning areas with windbreaks there occurred three-activity operational cycles. In mature stands with windbreaks the occurrence of stable sequences supplemented with five-activity cycles was noted. Consequently, the operational time in post-disaster thinning stands should be increased by 55% whereas in mature stands it should be 30% longer in comparison with standard stands.
article id 1119,
category
Research article
(2014).
Species diversity, biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration in the understorey of post-agricultural Scots pine forests.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
4
article id 1119.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1119
Keywords:
biodiversity;
Pinus sylvestris plantation;
overstorey-understorey interaction;
biotic homogenization;
Leucobryo-Pinetum community
Highlights:
Understorey plant species diversity significantly increases with the age of a Scots pine stand; Biomass of mosses decreases by a quarter, while biomass of herbs increases several times; Total understorey’s carbon stock increases over three times. The highest amount of carbon is accumulated in understorey species like Vaccinium myrtillus and Dicranum polysetum; The growing proportion of vascular plants in the understorey biomass results in an increase in the understorey C/N ratio.
article id 1107,
category
Research article
(2014).
Increasing air humidity – a climate trend predicted for northern latitudes – alters the chemical composition of stemwood in silver birch and hybrid aspen.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
4
article id 1107.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1107
Keywords:
climate change;
Betula;
Populus;
macronutrients;
atmospheric humidity;
wood characteristics;
structural carbohydrates
Highlights:
Hybrid aspen and silver birch trees grew more slowly under increased air humidity conditions and had higher concentrations of N and P and a lower K to N ratio in stemwood; Minor species-specific changes were detected in stemwood concentrations of cellulose and hemicellulose; Density, calorific value and concentrations of lignin and ash in stemwood were not affected by elevated humidity.
article id 1161,
category
Research article
(2014).
Comparative study of the Risutec Automatic Plant Container (APC) and Bracke planting devices.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
3
article id 1161.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1161
Highlights:
As currently designed, the prototype Risutec APC fitted with an automatic feeding system offers no significant advantage over the Bracke planting device in terms of planting productivity or quality; Cost estimates suggest that an idealized automated feeding system could increase productivity and decrease unit costs.
article id 1153,
category
Research article
(2014).
Effects of reindeer grazing and forestry on ground lichens in Finnish Lapland.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
3
article id 1153.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1153
Keywords:
forest management;
timber harvesting;
reindeer herding;
pastures;
lichen cover;
lichen biomass
Highlights:
Both reindeer grazing and forestry affect the cover and biomass of reindeer lichens; Reindeer grazing has bigger impact than forestry; The lichen cover was about five-fold and the biomass about fifteen-fold in the ungrazed (fenced) sites than in the grazed ones; The decrease of not only the biomass, but also the cover of lichens, is alarming.
article id 1120,
category
Research article
(2014).
Modelling crown snow loads in Finland: a comparison of two methods.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
3
article id 1120.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1120
Highlights:
A new method to model crown snow loads is presented and compared with a previously published simpler method; The heaviest crown snow loads in Finland are found to typically occur in the eastern parts of the country; The relative importance of different snow load types varies between different regions of Finland.
article id 1087,
category
Research article
(2014).
Tree species identification in aerial image data using directional reflectance signatures.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
3
article id 1087.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1087
Highlights:
Multispectral reflectance data showed a strong and spectrally correlated tree effect; There was no gain in species classification from using species-specific differences of directional reflectance in real data and only a marginal improvement in simulated data; The directional signatures extracted in multiple images are obscured by the intrinsic within-species variation, correlated observations and inherent reflectance calibration errors.
article id 1054,
category
Research article
(2014).
Effects of sale-specific factors on stumpage prices in Finland.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
3
article id 1054.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1054
Keywords:
pulpwood;
timber trade;
standing timber sales;
hedonic price;
sawlogs;
non-industrial forest owners
Highlights:
Data on 4824 individual sales were used to estimate which factors affect stumpage prices; The time of sale, seasonal harvest restrictions, the location and the assortment affected prices; Larger total volumes and shorter forest haulage distances raised unit prices; A higher percentage of the assortment and percentage of sawlogs within the sale corresponded to higher prices.
article id 1072,
category
Research article
(2014).
In search of hybridity: the case of Karelian spruces.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
2
article id 1072.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1072
Highlights:
Karelian spruces have morphology that is typical for P. obovata and characterized with genetic variation, described previously for P. abies; Karelian spruces evolved due to introgression between P. abies and P. obovata. However, it is unclear whether Karelian spruces could be treated as P. fennica, because unequivocal morphological and genetic characters of the latter are still absent.
article id 1064,
category
Research article
(2014).
Reloading mechanized tree planting devices faster using a seedling tray carousel.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
2
article id 1064.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1064
Keywords:
productivity;
cost analysis;
seedling feed;
silviculture;
time study;
tree planting machine;
containerized seedling
Highlights:
Seedling reloading onto the Bracke Planter crane-mounted planting device was twice as fast with the MagMat tray-wise-loaded carousel as today’s seedling-wise-loaded carousel; Tray-wise reloading combined with deplugging seedlings from suitable cultivation trays has the potential to be an efficient and robust way to feed seedlings on any type of tree planting machine.
article id 1019,
category
Research article
(2014).
Reconstructing leaf growth based on non-destructive digitizing and low-parametric shape evolution for plant modelling over a growth cycle.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
2
article id 1019.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1019
Keywords:
growth modelling;
non-destructive data acquisition;
automated data extraction;
image processing tool;
leaf shape modelling;
reusable modules;
Populus x canadensis
Highlights:
A complete pipeline for plant organ modelling (at the example of poplar leaves) is presented, from non-destructive data acquisition, over automated data extraction, to growth and shape modelling; Leaf contour models are compared; Resulting “organ” modules are ready for use in FSPMs.
article id 1013,
category
Research article
(2014).
Evaluation of growth functions used in the Swedish Forest Planning System Heureka.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
2
article id 1013.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1013
Highlights:
Growth models based on historical growth data gave reliable growth predictions up to the century shift; Detailed single tree growth models had lower precision for estimation of total growth than one single stand-based model; The prediction error was in average about 15% and did not increase with extended prediction period.
article id 983,
category
Research article
(2014).
NFI plots as complementary reference data in forest inventory based on airborne laser scanning and aerial photography in Finland.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
2
article id 983.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.983
Highlights:
Using NFI plots in forest management inventories could provide a way for rationalising forest inventory data acquisition; NFI plots were used as additional reference data in laser scanning and aerial image based forest inventory; NFI plots improved the estimates of some forest variables; There are differences between the two inventory types that cause difficulties in combining the data.
article id 982,
category
Research article
(2014).
Labour consumption models applied to motor-manual pre-commercial thinning in Finland.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
2
article id 982.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.982
Keywords:
productivity;
pre-commercial thinning;
forest vegetation management;
early cleaning;
release treatment;
mixed linear regression
Highlights:
When a young stand grows and gets older, the work time needed to make pre-commercial thinning increases. The stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and hardwoods (Betula spp.) required an additional 8.2%, 5.2%, and 3.3% work-time per year, respectively.
article id 975,
category
Research article
(2014).
Categorical mapping from estimates of continuous forest attributes – classification and accuracy.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
2
article id 975.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.975
Keywords:
Sweden;
land cover maps;
forest type maps;
map accuracy assessment;
class membership probability;
Bayesian network;
k-NN estimates
Highlights:
The paper presents an approach to classification and accuracy assessment of ad-hoc categorical maps based on existing spatial datasets with estimates of continuous forest variables; Pixel level class membership probabilities are estimated using a Bayesian network model.
article id 1077,
category
Research article
(2014).
Recent browsing damage by moose on Scots pine, birch and aspen in young commercial forests – effects of forage availability, moose population density and site productivity.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
1
article id 1077.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1077
Highlights:
Moose damage was most common on aspen and least common on Scots pine; Damage to Scots pine increased when the amount of pine browse decreased, moose index and site index increased and when birch was overtopping pine; Damage to birch increased when moose index increased and damage to aspen increased when the amount of pine and birch browse decreased.
article id 1003,
category
Research article
(2014).
The effect of mechanization level and harvesting system on the thinning cost of Mediterranean softwood plantations.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
1
article id 1003.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1003
Highlights:
Whole-tree harvesting is 40–50% cheaper than cut-to-length harvesting; Mechanization reduced thinning cost by a factor 4; Between 1.5 and 6% of the residual trees were damaged; Mechanized cut-to-length harvesting allows controlled biomass release; Mechanized whole-tree harvesting is the cheapest option for energy chip production.
article id 989,
category
Research article
(2014).
Effects of long-term fertilisation on soil properties in Scots pine and Norway spruce stands.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
1
article id 989.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.989
Keywords:
boreal forest;
nitrogen;
Pinus sylvestris L.;
phosphorus;
liming;
forest soils;
Picea abies (L.) Karst.
Highlights:
N fertilisation increased the amount of carbon in the organic layer; N fertilisation decreased the C/N ratio in the surface soil; N addition increased the amount of most nutrients in the organic layer; N fertilisation tended to lower pH, although only slightly.
article id 980,
category
Research article
(2014).
Created substrates do not fully mimic natural substrates in restoration: the occurrence of polypores on spruce logs.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
1
article id 980.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.980
Keywords:
Norway spruce;
boreal forest;
ecological restoration;
dead wood;
protected area management;
substrate quality;
wood-decaying fungi
Highlights:
Polypore communities were more homogeneous among created than among natural logs; The old-growth forest indicator Phellinus ferrugineofuscus occurred frequently on natural logs, but occupied only a few created logs; Results show that created logs do not fully mimic natural logs.
article id 962,
category
Research article
(2014).
Nutrient concentrations in coarse and fine woody debris of Populus tremuloides Michx.-dominated forests, northern Minnesota, USA.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
1
article id 962.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.962
Keywords:
coarse woody debris;
fine woody debris;
Populus tremuloides;
nutrient concentrations;
bioenergy feedstock harvesting;
Great Lakes
Highlights:
We examine effects of size, species, and decay on woody debris nutrient concentrations; Results indicate wide variation in nutrient concentrations across the factors examined; Fine woody debris nutrient concentrations were greater than in coarse woody debris; Coarse woody debris nutrient concentrations generally increased as decay progressed; Results suggest high fine woody debris stocks can represent an important nutrient source.
article id 949,
category
Research article
(2014).
Effects of logging on the threatened epiphytic lichen Usnea longissima: an experimental approach.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
1
article id 949.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.949
Highlights:
A re-inventory of the threatened lichen Usnea longissima in ten Norway spruce forest stands where experimental selective loggings had been conducted 5 to 8 years before revealed that the number of lichen thalli had increased with 34%; The number of thalli increased more where the forest was open whether or not the low tree density was caused by the loggings.
Category : Review article
article id 1095,
category
Review article
(2014).
Adapting National Forest Inventories to changing requirements – the case of the Swedish National Forest Inventory at the turn of the 20th century.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
3
article id 1095.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1095
Highlights:
National Forest Inventories supply invaluable long term time series of forest state. Recent developments and international harmonization of modern NFIs widen the scope to even include ecosystem goods, e.g. biodiversity and carbon sequestration. The combination of NFI field data with remote sensing techniques can give good estimates for areas smaller than national and regional level.
article id 1008,
category
Review article
(2014).
Spatial statistics in ecological analysis: from indices to functions.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
1
article id 1008.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1008
Highlights:
Spatial statistics provides a quantitative description of natural variables distributed in space and time; The objectives of spatial analysis are to detect spatial patterns and to confirm if a pattern found is significant; Spatially explicit indices and functions may be applied depending on the information collected from the field; Development of the specific software supports spatial analyses.
Category : Research note
article id 1114,
category
Research note
(2014).
Measurement errors in the use of smartphones as low-cost forestry hypsometers.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
5
article id 1114.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1114
Highlights:
We analysed two smartphones (HTC Desire and Samsung Galaxy Note) to determine the errors in the height measurements; The calibration included with the Android applications is insufficient; After appropriate calibration, the smartphone errors are similar to other forest hypsometers (Blume Leiss and Vertex).
article id 1145,
category
Research note
(2014).
Ips acuminatus kills pines in southern Finland.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
4
article id 1145.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1145
Highlights:
Recently dead pines colonized by Ips acuminatus were frequently found in southern Finland, in a region where the species was thought to be absent; Colonized trees were typically large (average DBH 30 cm), located at open spots in pine-dominated stands, often forming groups of several trees; The damages may be a consequence of dry and hot summers during the 2000s.
article id 1136,
category
Research note
(2014).
Determining boreal clearcut object properties and characteristics for identification purposes.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
3
article id 1136.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1136
Keywords:
forestry;
forest regeneration;
clearcut obstacles;
terrain description;
terrain conditions;
site properties
Highlights:
We define the quantitative properties and qualitative characteristics of stumps, stones, slash, and roots, the most important objects interacting with machine activities after clearcutting; We develop a flowchart showing how a computer-aided system using clearcut object identification should be executed.
article id 1126,
category
Research note
(2014).
Reliability of stump sprouting as a regeneration method for poplars: clonal behavior in survival, sprout straightness and growth.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
3
article id 1126.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1126
Highlights:
Clonal differences were found in stump sprout survival; Clonal differences occurred in sprout straightness; It is uncertain if the ability to produce a high number of stump sprouts is beneficial.
article id 1125,
category
Research note
(2014).
Predicting tree structure from tree height using terrestrial laser scanning and quantitative structure models.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
2
article id 1125.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1125
Highlights:
The analysis of tree structure suggests that trees of different height growing in similar conditions have similar branch size distributions; There is potential for using the tree height information in large-scale estimations of forest canopy structure.
article id 1053,
category
Research note
(2014).
Vitality and height growth of two Larix species and provenances in a field trial located in north-west Russia.
Silva Fennica
vol.
48
no.
1
article id 1053.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1053
Highlights:
Differences in tree vitality among provenances were insignificant (p > 0.05) at an early age; The provenance effect was significant (p < 0.05) for total height; These findings were in agreement with those of Lukkarinen et al. (2010) using the same material at the same age for field trial located in Punkaharju (Finland).
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Finnish Society of Forest Science
